黄斑长翅卷蛾性信息素研究进展

黄斑长翅卷蛾是我国北方果园的重要经济害虫之一。利用性信息素监测和防治果树害虫是安全治理害虫的有效途径。文章综述了黄斑长翅卷蛾性信息素的生物学、化学、感受系统、行为学及其田间应用等研究现状,讨论了存在的问题、研究重点及应用前景。     

冷冻技术在昆虫标本制作中的应用研究

指出了昆虫标本制作是许多农林高校、职业技术学院病虫防治专业课以及中、小学生物课学习中必不可少的一项实践性教学环节。通过多年的实践和探索,总结出了一整套利用冷冻技术采集、制作和保存昆虫标本的新方法。新方法在诸多方面优于传统方法,安全、卫生、不脱色、不易被虫蛀、简单、方便、野外采集更加能体现其优势。此方法可应用于多种生物标本的制作中,为相关高校以及中、小学的昆虫标本采集制作开辟了一条新的途径。     

抗对硫磷单链抗体在昆虫细胞中的表达及活性鉴定

利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统,在Sf9昆虫细胞中表达抗对硫磷单链抗体,并评价该重组抗体scFv-4C6的分子识别活性。以分泌能特异性识别对硫磷的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株4C6为RNA来源,采用RT-PCR方法扩增抗体的重链和轻链可变区基因,经重叠延伸PCR方法串联拼接获得单链抗体基因片段(scFv-4C6)。构建包含目的片段的重组杆粒Bacmid-scFv-4C6,转染Sf9细胞表达目的蛋白,采用免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测表达产物,间接竞争酶联免疫吸附(ic-ELISA)法评价产物的生物活性。结果表明:scFv-4C6基因片段拼装正确,成功转染Sf9细胞,并在转染后72 h表达量最高,表达的单链抗体大小为28.3 kD;表达产物能特异性识别对硫磷,IC50值为7.9 ng/mL,对甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷分别有12%和1.8%的交叉反应率,与亲本单克隆抗体的识别性能相似。该研究表明,具有生物活性的抗对硫磷单链抗体scFv-4C6可在昆虫细胞中成功得到表达。     

草地螟迁飞活动的雷达观测

80年代初期,我国草地螟猖獗为害,其虫源和迁飞问题不清。1984年6月在山西省雁北地区应县应用雷达观测了草地螟蛾的迁飞活动,并辅以地面发生动态调查,查明当地越冬茧密度约达每平方公里2000万头,6月2日羽化率为2.7%,6月10日达66%。成虫在15℃以下不飞行,15—17℃受震动后,在近地面几十厘米高处做数米距离的飞行;18℃以上则能主动飞行;20℃以上大量主动飞行。迁飞的高度在400m 以下,多在80—240m之间。成虫一般白天不起飞,多数在日落前后起飞。飞行方向与气流方向一致,多数向东北方向迁飞。在当地羽化盛期,当出现西南气流、气温上升达20℃以上时成虫大量迁飞。     

不同N、P添加水平对黄顶菊叶片化学计量特征的影响

黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)为新入侵我国的一种恶性杂草,研究其化学计量特征可以了解入侵植物在不同环境中的生存和适应策略.通过网室盆栽控制试验,研究了土壤N、P添加对黄顶菊植株生长、N、P化学计量特征和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,土壤N、P添加比例相同条件下,养分水平对叶片N:P的影响显着;随着N、P添加量的增加,叶片N:P比显着下降,地上生物量较对照均显着增加,其中高N素比例对叶片N:P影响最大,当叶片N:P比>21.24时,植株生长速率较低,符合生长速率假说.土壤N和叶片N含量与黄顶菊叶片叶绿素含量成正相关,黄顶菊叶片N(P)含量和地上生物量均随着土壤N(P)含量的增加呈现先增加后下降趋势.黄顶菊叶片N:P<20.86为N限制,叶片N:P>21.24为P限制.     

Assessment of the Efficacy and Potential Complications of Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Canine Cadavers

Background

Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is used in humans at risk of bleeding. There are no reports of its use in veterinary medicine.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and potential complications of TJLB in canine cadavers, and compare with samples obtained via needle liver biopsy (NLB) and surgical liver biopsy (SLB).

Animals

Twenty‐five medium and large breed canine cadavers.

Methods

Prospective study. TJLBs were procured through the right jugular vein. After biopsy, intravenous contrast and gross inspection were used to assess the biopsy site. Minor and major complications were recorded. NLBs and SLBs were then obtained. Histopathology was performed, and TJLB and NLB were compared for number of complete portal tracts (CPTs), length, and fragmentation. Pathologic process and autolysis were assessed in all samples.

Results

All TJLBs yielded liver tissue. The proportion of minor complications was 12/25 (48%), and major complications 16/25 (64%); 13/16 (81%) of the major complications were liver capsule perforation. In 21/25 (84%), the histopathology in the SLB was reflected in the TJLBs. For cases with minimal autolysis, median number of CPTs in TJLBs was 7.5, compared with 4 in NLBs (P = .018). Median length of TJLB specimen was 28 mm compared to 22 mm in NLBs (P = .007). Fragmentation rate was median of 1.25 for TJLB compared to 1.50 in NLBs (P = .11).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

TJLB is technically feasible and achieves comparable results to NLB and SLB. The number of complications, in particular liver capsule perforation, was greater than expected. Further studies are indicated before clinical use is recommended.     

物理农业技术在朝阳市的应用状况

为捉进在朝阳市的应用,以番茄、黄瓜、食用菌、水稻等为对象,采用对比试验的方法,探讨物理农业技术的应用效果。试验结果表明：物理技术具有提高产量、促进早熟、改善品质、减少化肥农药使用量的功效,是生产绿色农产品、无公害农产品的主要措施。     

甘孜州植物病虫害防治对策

甘孜州植物病虫害防治,事关长江流域乃至全国的生态安全和环境安全,鉴于其发展历程和现存问题,甘孜人更易接受和采用与国外IPM(有害生物综合治理)基本一致的"预防为主,综合防治"策略。具体对策有:准确理解和贯彻落实我国"预防为主,综合防治"的植保方针;利用高新科技培育抗病虫害品种并加以合理应用;大力开发运用生物防治方法;改良化学防治,使之与可持续农业相适应;建立植物病虫害防治信息网络;积极引进和培养专业植保人才,大力提高农民的防治水平;加强植物病虫害基础科学研究,不断提高综合防治的科技含量;搞好综合防治方案的设计;做好综合防治效果的评估。     

Assessment of microbial biocontrol agent (BCA) viability to mechanical and thermal stress by simulating spray application conditions

Background

In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU).

Results

The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures.

Conclusions

Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

草地贪夜蛾的天敌昆虫资源、应用现状及存在的问题与建议

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的重大农业害虫,具有迁飞快、寄主广、繁殖强、为害重、适生力强等特点。自2019年初入侵我国以来,现已蔓延到我国21个省（市、自治区）,草地贪夜蛾将在我国定殖并呈现周年常态化发生态势,对我国玉米产业的发展构成严重威胁。本文综述了草地贪夜蛾的国内外寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫及其应用情况,并就我国天敌昆虫产业发展的现状和存在的问题提出了建议,以期为应用天敌昆虫防控草地贪夜蛾提供参考。