Presence and ontogeny of intestinal and pancreatic phospholipase A2-like proteins in the Red Sea bream,Pagrus major. An immunocytochemical study

We have studied the location and the ontogeny of the digestive enzyme, phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) immunohistochemically in the adult and larvae/juvenile of the red sea breamPagrus major by using an antiserum against theNaja naja venom PLA₂. The antiserum reacts with at least one enzyme among the PLA₂s purified from the fish hepatopancreas or intestine. Although the reactivities were comparatively low, it labelled zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells and secretory materials of certain epithelial cells in the depths of epithelial crypts in the pyloric caeca of the adult. The immunoreactivities of PLA₂s were investigated in the viscera of larvae and juveniles of the 0 to 85^th day after hatch. In the larvae of the 13^th day, accumulation of PLA₂-positive zymogen granules in the pancreatic acinar cells were first recognized by the immunostaining. The intensity of the labelling subsequently became stronger and dramatically increased between the 20^th and 30^th day. This increase appeared to be one of the physiological changes associated with the transition to a new benthic life as juveniles. Lack of PLA₂ in the pancreas before the 13^th day may suggest the possibility that larvae utilized exogenous PLA₂, inherent in their prey, to digest the phospholipids. On the other hand, no reactivity was found in the intestine until the 85^th day.     

家蚕肠液蛋白酶消化生理参数的研究

家蚕肠液蛋白酶对家蚕消化吸收蛋白质及其生长发育有着十分重要的作用。为探明影响家蚕肠道蛋白酶活力的因素,从家蚕肠道内容物中分离出蛋白酶酶液,在不同温度、pH及金属离子处理条件下,用福林-酚法测定酶活力变化情况,确定家蚕肠液蛋白酶的最适作用条件,同时研究了家蚕中肠蛋白酶活力随龄期增长的变化规律。结果表明,在35℃、pH10.0左右条件下蛋白酶活力最大,低浓度Mn2+、Fe2+、Cu2+对酶活有抑制作用,高浓度Ca2+对酶有抑制作用,Mg2+浓度对酶活物影响不明显,家蚕中肠蛋白酶活力随龄期增长而增强。     

Effects of modulatory agents on neurally-mediated responses of trout intestinal smooth musclein vitro

Mediators and mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory modulation of trout intestinal smooth muscle were examined using a series of putative mediators and substances known to modulate neurotransmission in mammalian systems. Frequency response relationships to transmural stimulation and concentration response relationships to 5-hydroxytryptamine, carbachol, and substance P were established on paired segments of rainbow trout intestinein vitro in the presence and absence of putative modulatory agents. Modulation of neurally-mediated contractions of trout intestine was achieved with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin, agents that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. The effect appears to be at the level of the smooth muscle, since the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, inhibited muscarinic and serotoninergic contractions as well as transmurally stimulated contractions. Substance P-induced contractions were unaffected by forskolin. The endogenous agonists/neurotransmitters which would increase cyclic AMP levels in rainbow trout intestinal smooth muscle are as yet unknown. The effects do not appear to be modulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or agents that activate -adrenoceptors. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and ₂-adrenergenic agonists are possible agents which will decrease contractility of the smooth muscle. They were only active in the proximal intestine and on transmurally stimulated contractions. The effects of both PGE₂ and ₂-agonists appear to be prejunctional, decreasing release of contractile neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system.     

Secretion of Homoarginine into the Gut of Chickens

Angkanaporn, K., Ravindran, V., Mollah, Y. and Bryden, W.L., 1997. Secretion of homoarginine into the gut of chickens. Veterinary Research Communications, 21(3), 161-167A technique, based on the homoarginine present in guanidinated proteins, has been used to distinguish between endogenous secretions and exogenous dietary amino acids in the ileal digesta of monogastric animals. This technique assumes that the ingested homoarginine is not recycled into the small intestine after absorption, but this assumption is yet to be experimentally validated in chickens. The secretion of homoarginine into the gut of broilers that were intravenously infused with 20 and 40 mmol/L homoarginine solutions was assessed. The plasma concentrations of homoarginine increased with increasing concentrations of homoarginine infused. However, only negligible levels of homoarginine (7.0 to 45.2 µg/g dry matter) were found in the digesta. Less than 0.01% of the intravenously infused homoarginine was recovered in the intestinal digesta, indicating that the secretion of homoarginine into the gut of chickens was insignificant.     

同源短乳杆菌对鸡肠黏膜SIgA分泌的影响

为了了解短乳杆菌对机体免疫力的影响,用MRS培养基从鸡的消化道分离到乳酸杆菌,对该菌的形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性等进行试验,证明该菌为短乳杆菌.用短乳杆菌饲喂本地肉仔鸡后检测其肠内容物SIgA滴度.结果显示,该菌对肠道粘膜有较强的粘附力,能提高鸡肠黏膜的SIgA滴度.本试验表明,短乳杆菌能显著提高机体的免疫力.     

Comparative development of mouse tooth germs transplanted in subrenal capsule and oral submucosa

AIM: To compare 2 environments, the subrenal capsule and oral submucosa, for producing well-formed teeth from mouse tooth germs and for exploring the ideal environment for tooth regeneration. METHODS: Two groups were set up. Group A was transplanted with the mouse embronic day (ED) 14.5 first mandibular molar tooth germs into the subrenal capsule, while group B was transplanted with the ED14.5 first mandibular molar tooth germs into the oral submucosa. After 3 weeks and 4 weeks, the host mice were sacrificed, and the transplanted explants were evaluated with morphologic observation, histological structures, hardness and elastictic modulus tests, and chemical compositions. RESULTS: (1) The explants isolated from both environments showed the tooth-like structures, but as to the group B, the crown was smaller, and the shape of the cusps was not significant. (2) HE staining showed that the dentin and enamel in group A were thicker than those in group B in which the ameloblasts and odontoblasts were differentiated not very well. (3) In the test of enamel hardness, only the hardness of 4 weeks in group B was lower than normal mouse tooth. In the test of enamel modulus, the elastic modulus of enamel in 3 weeks of group A was slightly lower than normal mouse tooth, but the difference was not significant.The elastic modulus of enamel in 4 weeks of group A and group B was significantly lower than normal mouse tooth and 3 weeks of group B. The hardness and elastic modulus of dentin in 3 groups was not significant. (4) Raman spectroscopy showed 2 groups grew in harmony in general, they all had the largest peak in the point of 961 cm^-1, but the 3 weeks of group B had an obvious peak in the point of 2 947 cm^-1. CONCLUSION: For the development of ED14.5 tooth germs, we obtain almost the whole tooth in subrenal capsule transplantation after 3 or 4 weeks. The buccal submucosa environment still has a certain influence on the tooth germ development, although there are some differences about the tooth development between this environment and subrenal capsule environment.     

初生仔猪肠管数据的相关回归分析

取32例初生仔猪,分离其小肠、大肠,并将血管用乳胶灌注,然后测量其体长、小肠、大肠长度及口径以及分布到小肠、大肠上的动脉分枝数目。利用计算机处理得出:小肠长度与直径之间,体长与小肠长度之间,体长与小肠直径之间,小肠的1级分枝与终末枝之间,小肠长度与1级分枝之间,小肠长度与终末分枝之间有相关性;但是小肠直径与动脉分枝间无相关性。大肠长度与直径之间,体长与大肠长度之间,体长与大肠直径之间、大肠的长度与终末枝之间、大肠的直径与终末枝之间有相关性。