利用内生细菌防治小麦全蚀病的研究

为了研究小麦内生细菌对小麦全蚀病的生物防治作用,采用表面消毒后涂布平板的方法,从来自河南麦区不同品种的82份健康小麦根系内分离获得530株小麦内生细菌.采用土壤浇灌法,于小麦活体上测定了内生细菌对小麦全蚀病的生防效果,从中获得15株可显著降低小麦全蚀病发病率和严重度的细菌.其中菌株WG-2和Y106对小麦全蚀病的防治效...     

原生质体融合选育耐高温耐盐红螺菌的研究

为选育耐高温耐盐红螺菌用于其粉状制剂研制,以降解水产养殖水体亚硝基氮功能达90%以上的耐盐红螺菌与能在60～70℃下生长的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过正交试验探讨2种菌株的原生质体融合条件。分别对融合子进行温度、生长盐度和净化水质等功能测定,检出性能较优的融合子,同时采用电镜、细胞色素吸收光谱等方法,将融合子优良株与2种亲株进行比较鉴别。实验结果表明,2种菌株原生质体融合的最优条件为温度37℃,作用时间3 h,聚乙二醇(PEG)浓度为40%。在该优化条件下原生质体融合率为1.536%,筛选获得3株能在30～50℃良好生长的融合子(a、b、c)。融合子生长耐受温度较耐盐红螺菌亲株提高66%,但耐受盐度、降解养殖水体氨氮与亚硝基氮功能均与耐盐红螺菌亲株相近。其中融合子a菌株具有生长更快、性能更稳定的特点,其细胞形态特征、革兰氏染色属性、色素吸收峰等均与耐盐红螺菌相似。     

Tissue composition,blood biochemistry and histology of digestive organs in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles fed diets containing different plant protein ingredients

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diets with different plant protein ingredients on proximate composition, tissue metabolites and tissue fatty acid composition, as well as hepatic and intestinal histological modifications in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish (21.5 ± 2.8 g body weight) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets during 11 weeks. A control diet containing fish meal as the main protein source was compared with five experimental diets replacing 30% fish meal protein by different plant protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), soybean protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten meal (WGM) or pea protein concentrate (PPC). The inclusion of different plant protein did not significantly affect growth and proximate composition of fish. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different to the control group; however, utilization of WGM significantly increased hepatocyte size. Plasma protein values and muscle triglycerides were influenced by the inclusion of SBM and WGM in the diets respectively. Feeding fish on SBM, WGM and PPC diets significantly enhanced n‐6 fatty acid levels in muscle, particularly linoleic acid. None of the plant protein ingredient used in the diets decreased arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic as well as docosahexaenoic acid values in liver and muscle. Overall, histological studies did not reveal the existence of any intestinal alterations induced by the inclusion of different plant proteins. Despite moderate changes produced by SBM, SPC and WGM, inclusion of dietary plant protein ingredients has no major impact on growth, tissue and blood biochemistry, fatty acid profile and gut integrity of Senegalese sole juveniles.     

挥发性物质对植物致病菌的熏蒸作用研究进展

挥发性物质分子量小,化合物种类复杂,具有的熏蒸抑菌作用是其特殊的生物学功能之一,受到世界各国学者的关注。本文对挥发性物质的种类、抑菌活性及检测鉴定方法进行了概述,着重评述了植物（精油）和微生物产生的挥发性物质的抑菌作用及其研究进展,从挥发性物质中筛选出具有抑菌作用的单体化合物是新的研究方向。     

Abundance and Community Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizers in Paddy Soil at Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is carried out by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA）. However, the relative importance of AOB and AOA to nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the nitrogen input amount on abundance and community composition of AOB and AOA in red paddy soil. Soil samples of 10-20 cm （root layer soil） and 0-5 cm （surface soil） depths were taken from a red paddy. Rice in the paddy was fertilized with different rates of N as urea of N1 （75 kg N ha＂ yr-1）, N2 （150 kg N ha~ yrl）, N3 （225 kg N ha1 yrl） and CK （without fertilizers） in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Abundance and community composition of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on amoA （the unit A of ammonia monooxygenase） gene. Archaeal amoA copies in N3 and N2 were significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in CK and N1 in root layer soil or in surface soil under tillering and heading stages of rice, while the enhancement in bacterial amoA gene copies with increasing of N fertilizer rates only took on in root layer soil. N availability and soil NO3--N content increased but soil NH4＋-N content didn＇t change with increasing of N fertilizer rates. Otherwise, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher （P〈0.05） than those of bacterial amoA gene in root lary soil or in surface soil. Redundancy discriminate analysis based on DGGE bands showed that there were no obvious differs in composition of AOA or AOB communities in the field among different N fertilizer rates. Results of this study suggested that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizers had active response to N fertilizer rates and the response of AOA was more obvious than that of AOB. Similarity in the community composition of AOA or AOB among different N fertilizer rates indicate that the community composition of ammonia-oxidizers was relatively stable in the paddy soil at least in short term for three years.     

ACC deaminase-producing bacteria mediated drought and salt tolerance in Capsicum annuum

Influence of drought and salt stress on different morphological and physiological growth parameters in Capsicum annuum inoculated with our isolates was estimated during the present study. Bulkhorderia cepacia was reported to possess the maximal, whereas Citrobacter feurendii the least plant growth promoting efficacy under salt and drought stress. ACC Deaminase activity of purified B. cepacia, C. feurendii and Serratia marcescens was 12.8 ± 0.44, 12.3 ± 0.56 and 11.7 ± 0.53 μM αKB mg^?1 min^?1 respectively. Under drought stress, B. cepacia showed maximum tolerance as it produced 4.893 ± 0.06 mg/mg protein of exopolysaccharide followed by C. feurendii and S. marcescens that produced 4.23 ± 0.03 and 3.46 ± 0.05 mg/mg protein, respectively. Chlorophyll “a” concentration was recorded 5.7 gm L^?1 in B. cepacia inoculated plant (without stress) and was sustained till 2.9 gm L^?1 even under the highest tested drought period. Chlorophyll “a” concentration in the B. cepacia inoculated plant under the highest tested NaCl concentration was 3.2 gm L^?1. Thus, bacterial inoculation mitigates the effects of salinity by the proliferation of root system, increasing plant biomass proving to be potential bioinoculum for alleviating abiotic stress.     

杉木林土壤中固氮功能细菌的生长特性研究

[目的]研究固氮功能菌株的生长特性,探索适地适菌原则。[方法]本研究以103株固氮功能细菌为研究对象,以p H值及培养温度为考量指标,分别研究了8个温度梯度、10个p H值梯度对菌株生长的影响。[结果]表明:经检测,含有nif H基因的菌株有103株;菌株的最适生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7,各菌株的温度适宜生长区为20、28、37℃,大量菌株生长的适宜p H值为4、5、7、8;在低温、碱性土中的适用菌株为6003,在高温、碱性土中的适用菌株有09ul27、1010、2024、2029、7002、lk2-1c(2)和zk3-1,在酸性及碱性土中均适宜生长的菌株为1012和2025。根据菌群不同生长特性,对所有菌株进行非层次聚类,使用SSI算法得出最优分类为9类,其中,第5类和第7类全部属于伯克霍尔德属,第2类基本为芽孢杆菌属,其它类别中各菌属没有出现明显的聚类现象,且生长条件分类与菌种的初步鉴定分类没有明显的相关性。[结论]固氮功能菌株的适宜生长环境较一致,最适宜的生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7。筛选出适合在特殊环境生长的固氮功能细菌10株,各菌株初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、Chitinophaga pinensis、Burkholderia xenovorans、Burkholderia phymatum、Burkholderia bannensis。通过生长条件聚类分析及所有菌株的16S r DNA鉴定比对得出,菌株的生长特性与其生物学特征不完全相关。     

Cd2+ 对无机磷细菌生长及溶磷作用的影响

无机磷细菌(phosphorus solubilization bacteria,PSB)是重要的土壤有益微生物,它们将植物不能吸收的难溶性无机磷转化为有效磷,对土壤磷素供应十分重要。镉是污染土壤的常见重金属,研究Cd~(2+)胁迫下PSB的生长和溶磷能力,可揭示镉污染对土壤无机磷转化供应的影响,为改善植物磷素供应提供有益信息。试验以重庆市缙云山国家森林公园毛竹林地分离的4株假单胞菌为供试菌株,比较它们的溶磷能力,研究了不同浓度Cd~(2+)对PSB生长和溶磷作用的影响。结果表明:供试菌株溶磷能力PSB05PSB09PSB07PSB01,溶磷指数和溶磷率最高值是最低值的2.08倍和4.14倍。摇瓶培养120 h后,培养液pH表现为PSB01PSB07PSB09PSB05,并与培养液中的无机磷含量(y)呈显著负相关(y=–83.148 pH+581.96,R2=0.9052,n=25)。在固体培养时,PSB05的溶磷圈和菌落直径随培养基中Cd~(2+)浓度提高而降低。在Cd~(2+)浓度0.5~2.0 mg/L液体培养基中,PSB05数量较无Cd~(2+)对照减少22.09%~68.18%,草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和氢离子分泌量显著下降,溶磷量降低5.27%~38.45%。供试菌株的溶磷能力差异显著;高浓度Cd~(2+)抑制PSB05生长、有机酸和氢离子分泌及溶磷作用,不利于土壤供给磷素。     

溶磷细菌对复垦土壤有效磷及各形态无机磷含量的影响

为探索溶磷细菌在复垦土壤中对磷的作用效果,采用室内摇瓶培养的方法,研究了溶磷细菌及其组合对磷酸钙的溶解能力,从而确定最佳组合,并探讨最佳组合溶磷细菌对复垦土壤有效磷及各形态无机磷含量的影响。结果表明,拉恩式菌(W2)+荧光假单胞菌1(W3)+荧光假单胞菌2(W4)培养液的有效磷含量最高,为609.1 mg/L,其为最佳溶磷细菌组合。施用此溶磷细菌组合肥可以增加复垦土壤有效磷含量,复垦土壤有效磷含量表现为BG(溶磷细菌肥+磷酸钙)处理B(溶磷细菌肥)处理MG(基质+磷酸钙)处理M(基质)处理CK(空白),其中,B处理在苗期、拔节期、收获期分别比M处理显著增加15.7%、119.7%、54.1%,BG处理在苗期、拔节期、收获期分别比MG处理显著增加55.8%、91.8%、88.9%。在玉米苗期和收获期,施用溶磷细菌可以增加复垦土壤Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P含量,其中收获期B处理比基质处理M分别显著增加86.6%、88.7%、38.6%、83.3%;复垦土壤O-P和Ca_(10)-P含量均表现为MGBGMBCK,溶磷细菌对复垦土壤O-P含量影响较小,对Ca_(10)-P含量影响较大,苗期和收获期B、BG处理Ca_(10)-P含量分别比对应的基质处理M、MG处理降低5.8%、23.1%和9.5%、24.4%,即溶磷细菌可以减少复垦土壤Ca_(10)-P的含量。土壤有效磷含量与土壤Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量呈极显著正相关,与O-P、Ca_(10)-P含量无显著相关性。