微生物制剂对养殖池塘细菌群落影响的PCR-DGGE分析

为了解微生物制剂在水产养殖环境修复中的作用机制,采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究不同微生物制剂对养殖池塘上覆水和沉积物中细菌群落的影响。结果显示,施用微生物制剂前后,试验塘上覆水样品中细菌的DGGE优势条带无明显变化,细菌群落组成没有明显差异,提示微生物制剂对试验塘上覆水中的细菌群落组成影响很小。相对而言,施用过微生物制剂的池塘相对于对照池塘其细菌群落结构发生的变化较大;泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加芽孢杆菌原粉750 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落2 d内发生了较大变化,之后相对稳定,对照池塘和泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加光合细菌原粉1 500 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落组成变化很小。     

细菌耐药性产生的原因、机制及防治措施

20世纪40年代青霉素的问世将人类带入了抗生素时代,抗感染治疗由此进入了新纪元,感染性疾病的病死率大大降低。半个世纪以来,人类一直把抗菌药物作为抗感染治疗最有力的武器。然而随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,感染性疾病的治疗又遇到了新的挑战——细菌对抗生素产生了耐药性,而此种耐药性表现为抗菌药物使用得越多耐药性亦变得越严重。目前已发现某些细菌对现有的几乎全部抗菌药物产生耐药,超级细菌的出现使人类有可能再次回到面临感染而无药可医的困境,控制细菌耐药性的增长已成为医学界乃至全人类的当务之急。正在逐渐建立自己的细菌耐药监测网络,监测细菌耐药的流行状况和规律,研究细菌产生耐药性的机制。     

青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶研制及选择性培养基比较

以鲜牛奶、白砂糖为主要原料,以青春双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌为发酵剂,制成营养保健的青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶.通过试验确定了青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶最佳工艺为:白砂糖8%,接种量3%,保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:青春双歧杆菌=1:1:4,发酵4h.结合MRS培养基和LM-MRS培养基可以对青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶中...     

猪增生性肠炎黏膜免疫相关细胞数量研究

为了揭示猪增生性肠炎黏膜免疫相关细胞数量的变化情况.采用组织学方法,比较PCR检验阳性猪(获得胞内劳森氏菌特异性扩增产物)与阴性猪(无胞内劳森氏菌特异性扩增产物)的十二指肠、空肠、回肠黏膜淋巴细胞、杯状细胞、肥大细胞的数量和分布变化.结果表明,阳性猪十二指肠、空肠黏膜上皮内每100个柱状细胞间淋巴细胞的数量同比阴性猪稍...     

砖质固定化硝化细菌对氨气及铵态氮的转化效果

以普通建筑用砖为吸附载体对硝化细菌固定化,研究固定化硝化细菌(INB)对NH3及NH4+-N的转化效果。结果表明,INB与NH3接触6 h后,NH3的转化率为60.2%;INB对(NH4)2SO4溶液中的NH4+-N有很强的转化能力,在初始质量浓度为5.0、20.0 g/L的(NH4)2SO4溶液中,NH4+-N平均转化率分别为81.7%、86.6%;INB在37℃硝化细菌富集培养液中培养12 h,对NH3平均转化率提高27.5%。说明,普通建筑用砖可以作为硝化细菌的固定载体,用该载体制备的INB对NH3和NH4+-N均有较强的转化能力,可以通过加入硝化细菌培养液进行再培养提高砖质INB对NH3转化率,实现INB重复使用。     

利用内生细菌防治小麦全蚀病的研究

为了研究小麦内生细菌对小麦全蚀病的生物防治作用,采用表面消毒后涂布平板的方法,从来自河南麦区不同品种的82份健康小麦根系内分离获得530株小麦内生细菌.采用土壤浇灌法,于小麦活体上测定了内生细菌对小麦全蚀病的生防效果,从中获得15株可显著降低小麦全蚀病发病率和严重度的细菌.其中菌株WG-2和Y106对小麦全蚀病的防治效...     

原生质体融合选育耐高温耐盐红螺菌的研究

为选育耐高温耐盐红螺菌用于其粉状制剂研制,以降解水产养殖水体亚硝基氮功能达90%以上的耐盐红螺菌与能在60～70℃下生长的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过正交试验探讨2种菌株的原生质体融合条件。分别对融合子进行温度、生长盐度和净化水质等功能测定,检出性能较优的融合子,同时采用电镜、细胞色素吸收光谱等方法,将融合子优良株与2种亲株进行比较鉴别。实验结果表明,2种菌株原生质体融合的最优条件为温度37℃,作用时间3 h,聚乙二醇(PEG)浓度为40%。在该优化条件下原生质体融合率为1.536%,筛选获得3株能在30～50℃良好生长的融合子(a、b、c)。融合子生长耐受温度较耐盐红螺菌亲株提高66%,但耐受盐度、降解养殖水体氨氮与亚硝基氮功能均与耐盐红螺菌亲株相近。其中融合子a菌株具有生长更快、性能更稳定的特点,其细胞形态特征、革兰氏染色属性、色素吸收峰等均与耐盐红螺菌相似。     

Tissue composition,blood biochemistry and histology of digestive organs in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles fed diets containing different plant protein ingredients

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diets with different plant protein ingredients on proximate composition, tissue metabolites and tissue fatty acid composition, as well as hepatic and intestinal histological modifications in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish (21.5 ± 2.8 g body weight) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets during 11 weeks. A control diet containing fish meal as the main protein source was compared with five experimental diets replacing 30% fish meal protein by different plant protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), soybean protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten meal (WGM) or pea protein concentrate (PPC). The inclusion of different plant protein did not significantly affect growth and proximate composition of fish. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different to the control group; however, utilization of WGM significantly increased hepatocyte size. Plasma protein values and muscle triglycerides were influenced by the inclusion of SBM and WGM in the diets respectively. Feeding fish on SBM, WGM and PPC diets significantly enhanced n‐6 fatty acid levels in muscle, particularly linoleic acid. None of the plant protein ingredient used in the diets decreased arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic as well as docosahexaenoic acid values in liver and muscle. Overall, histological studies did not reveal the existence of any intestinal alterations induced by the inclusion of different plant proteins. Despite moderate changes produced by SBM, SPC and WGM, inclusion of dietary plant protein ingredients has no major impact on growth, tissue and blood biochemistry, fatty acid profile and gut integrity of Senegalese sole juveniles.     

挥发性物质对植物致病菌的熏蒸作用研究进展

挥发性物质分子量小,化合物种类复杂,具有的熏蒸抑菌作用是其特殊的生物学功能之一,受到世界各国学者的关注。本文对挥发性物质的种类、抑菌活性及检测鉴定方法进行了概述,着重评述了植物（精油）和微生物产生的挥发性物质的抑菌作用及其研究进展,从挥发性物质中筛选出具有抑菌作用的单体化合物是新的研究方向。     

Abundance and Community Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizers in Paddy Soil at Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is carried out by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA）. However, the relative importance of AOB and AOA to nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the nitrogen input amount on abundance and community composition of AOB and AOA in red paddy soil. Soil samples of 10-20 cm （root layer soil） and 0-5 cm （surface soil） depths were taken from a red paddy. Rice in the paddy was fertilized with different rates of N as urea of N1 （75 kg N ha＂ yr-1）, N2 （150 kg N ha~ yrl）, N3 （225 kg N ha1 yrl） and CK （without fertilizers） in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Abundance and community composition of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on amoA （the unit A of ammonia monooxygenase） gene. Archaeal amoA copies in N3 and N2 were significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in CK and N1 in root layer soil or in surface soil under tillering and heading stages of rice, while the enhancement in bacterial amoA gene copies with increasing of N fertilizer rates only took on in root layer soil. N availability and soil NO3--N content increased but soil NH4＋-N content didn＇t change with increasing of N fertilizer rates. Otherwise, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher （P〈0.05） than those of bacterial amoA gene in root lary soil or in surface soil. Redundancy discriminate analysis based on DGGE bands showed that there were no obvious differs in composition of AOA or AOB communities in the field among different N fertilizer rates. Results of this study suggested that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizers had active response to N fertilizer rates and the response of AOA was more obvious than that of AOB. Similarity in the community composition of AOA or AOB among different N fertilizer rates indicate that the community composition of ammonia-oxidizers was relatively stable in the paddy soil at least in short term for three years.