考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

用多酚类指标表征干红葡萄酒味感质量的模型构建

采用葡萄酒多酚系列指标,构建味感质量预测模型,实现干红葡萄酒涩感和余味的客观量化。试验以宁夏和新疆的50款赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为原料,利用常规方法检测样品总酸、挥发酸和pH值,采用自由基清除法测定抗氧化活性,通过紫外-可见分光光度计法分析总酚、花色苷、黄烷醇、黄酮醇、酒石酸酯含量,并以感官品评法量化干红葡萄酒的涩感和余味。相关性分析结果显示,总酚、花色苷、黄烷醇、黄酮醇等对涩感和余味的影响有显著差异（P<0.05）,酒石酸酯对余味的影响较小,而总酸和pH值对供试干红葡萄酒的涩感没有显著影响（P>0.05）。感官品评量化结果显示,宁夏和新疆产区酒样的涩感得分为6.18和5.70,余味得分为5.37和4.85,供试酒样的涩感与余味质量良好,且存在相似的变化趋势。以多酚系列指标表征的涩感质量偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）模型的决定系数（r-square,R²）为0.83,余味模型的R²为0.78,结果表明,总酚、黄烷醇、挥发酸、DPPH等指标对葡萄酒的涩感和余味贡献较大,黄酮醇和酒石酸酯主要影响葡萄酒的涩感,而花色苷、总酸和pH值则主要影响葡萄酒余味。研究得出,基于紫外-可见分光光度计法设计的多酚系列指标可以较好地解析干红葡萄酒的味感质量,降低检测成本,具备表征和预测干红葡萄酒味感质量的能力。     

48份红花材料种子含油率及其籽油脂肪酸分析

对川红一号、简阳红花以及来自32个国家的共48份红花材料种子含油率及其籽油脂肪酸组成及含量进行测定,并开展了红花主要农艺性状与种子含油率、籽油中各脂肪酸含量间相关分析。结果表明,来自加拿大的PI559909和法国的PI253529的种子含油率最高,分别达32.68%和31.60%。来自加拿大的PI559909和奥地利的PI253518亚油酸含量最高,分别为83.79%和81.67%。孟加拉国的PI401479油酸含量最高,达53.10%。综合单株种子产量、种子含油率和亚油酸、油酸含量等几个重要指标,发现以加拿大PI559909和匈牙利的PI312275表现较好。试验结果还表明,种子含油率与株高呈极显著负相关和负偏相关,与花期呈显著负相关,与棕榈酸含量呈显著负偏相关。油酸的含量与株高呈显著负相关和负偏相关。亚油酸含量与油酸含量呈极显著负相关,而亚油酸含量与棕榈酸含量呈极显著正相关。棕榈酸含量分别与亚油酸含量和油酸含量呈极显著正偏相关,油酸含量则与亚油酸含量呈极显著负偏相关。     

基于改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归的大坝变形监测模型

【目的】针对常规大坝变形监测回归模型中存在的因子多重相关性干扰和模型拟合效果欠佳问题,进行偏回归模型优化方法研究。【方法】将改进的遗传算法引入大坝变形监测偏回归模型,利用遗传算法强大的自适应全局优化搜索功能,对偏最小二乘回归模型进行优化,建立了基于改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归的大坝变形监测模型。【结果】工程实例研究与对比分析表明,改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归模型在一定程度上改善了原偏回归模型存在的拟合效果不佳的问题。【结论】改进遗传算法-偏最小二乘回归模型具有较好的拟合与预测能力,有较强的工程实用性。     

环境心理学原理在城市景观中的运用分析——以徐州云龙山东坡运动广场为例

以徐州市云龙山东坡运动广场为例,着重分析了环境心理学在城市景观中的应用,探讨了在景观设计工作中如何利用环境心理学,以更好地体现＂以人为本＂的思想。     

150 Hz矩形波断续音对褐菖鲉音响驯化的试验研究

采用150 Hz矩形波断续音,对体质量为32.3~65.7 g的褐菖鲉Sebastisous marmoratus幼鱼进行了音响驯化试验。结果表明：驯化3d后,试验组褐菖鲉对声音开始产生趋向性;试验组鱼的反应时间在驯化第2~5天时,虽然明显高于对照组(P<0.05),但总体呈下降趋势,驯化第9天时与对照组接近(P>0.05),驯化第10天~第25天时总体维持在一个较低水平,与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),驯化第17天时反应时间达到最低值2 s;试验组鱼的聚集时间在驯化第2天~第6天时下降明显,之后随着驯化时间的延长,聚集时间下降趋势趋缓,驯化第12天时接近对照组( P>0.05),并从第14天开始低于对照组,驯化第14天~第16天、第18天~第21天、第23天~第25天时均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),驯化第19天时聚集时间降到最低值26 s;试验组鱼的聚集率总体呈上升趋势,驯化第20天时聚集率达到最高值86.7%,而对照组则时高时低,并且从第3天开始显著低于试验组( P<0.05);在试验的后5 d投放人工鱼碓后,放音时仍然能将试验组(不投放饵料)大部分褐菖鲉从鱼礁中引出,聚集率最低为75.0%,与对照组有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。研究表明,150 Hz矩形波断续音能够对褐菖鲉有很好的诱集作用,而且能明显吸引聚集在人工鱼礁中的褐菖鲉。     

基于相似原理的轴流式灭火风机气动性能回归模型的建立

利用最小二乘法原理对T40-2A轴流风机的气动性能实测试验数据进行了二次曲线拟合,得出了风压-风量和功率-风量之间的回归曲线方程,并运用回归分析原理对拟合曲线的回归效果进行了显著性检验,建立了该风机的无因次性能回归曲线模型,为实现该系列轴流风机在轴流式风力灭火机中的应用打下了良好的理论基础。     

基于高光谱成像技术识别水稻纹枯病

【目的】利用高光谱成像技术对水稻纹枯病进行早期的快速无损识别,结合判别分析方法建立相应的鉴别模型。【方法】以健康和感染纹枯病的水稻幼苗为研究对象,采集叶片和冠层各180个样本的380~1 030 nm波段的360条高光谱图像,剔除明显噪声部分后,以440~943 nm波段作为水稻样本的光谱范围,分别用不同的方法预处理获得水稻叶片的光谱曲线。采用偏最小二乘–判别分析(PLS-DA)对不同预处理的光谱建模。采用MNF算法对冠层的原始光谱数据进行特征信息提取,并基于特征信息建立线性判别分析(LDA)模型和误差反向传播神经网络(BPNN)判别模型。【结果】标准正态变量变换(SNV)预处理后建立的PLS-DA模型的预测集判别正确率最高,为92.1%。基于特征信息的LAD和BPNN模型的判别结果优于基于全波段的PLS-DA判别模型。基于最小噪声分离变换特征信息提取的BPNN模型取得了最优效果,建模集和预测集正确率分别达99.1%和98.4%。【结论】采用高光谱成像技术对水稻纹枯病生理特征进行无损鉴别是可行的,本研究为水稻纹枯病的识别提供了一种新方法。     

基于BP神经网络的柴油发动机特性建模

建立连续的发动机燃油特性和调速特性数学模型作为液压机械无级变速器虚拟试验平台的动力源。根据虚拟平台对不同特性区域的精度需求对柴油发动机不同特性区域的试验数据进行不同的密度选取、乱序和归一化处理,采用单隐层BP神经网络对试验数据进行训练,对比不同隐层节点数网络的训练误差和测试误差,选取误差最小的网络,求解出网络的数学表达式。通过该方法以ISLe310柴油发动机为例建立燃油特性和调速特性的连续数学模型,这两个简单的数学表达式准确反映了发动机万有特性和外特性,连续模型避免了虚拟试验中出现信号的突变和奇异点。通过和经典的最小二乘法拟合得到的最优特性模型进行对比,其具有更小的误差、更强的泛化能力,能够更好地反映柴油发动机的相关特性。     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.