基于模糊控制的牵引电机冷却风机变频节能控制系统

介绍了一种求解旅行商问题的新算法“最小调整法”,给出了该算法求解旅行商问题的具体步骤以及有效性证明,对算法的复杂性及近似程度进行了分析.最后通过典型算例进行了检验说明.与经典算法相比,新算法体现了简单易行的特点,对求解旅行商问题具有一定的启发意义.     

基于近红外高光谱图像的黄瓜叶片色素含量快速检测

利用高光谱图像技术和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)快速检测了新鲜黄瓜叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素含量。采集了120片黄瓜叶的近红外高光谱图像数据以及用HPLC精确测定黄瓜叶中色素含量;提取高光谱图像中50×50像素感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱与4种色素含量分别建立偏最小二乘(PLS)预测模型;为了提高模型的稳定性和预测精度,分别采用区间偏最小二乘(iPLS)、向后区间偏最小二乘(BiPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘(SiPLS)对各种色素对应的特征波段进行优选,同时对光谱划分数进行了优化。结果表明BiPLS和SiPLS对应模型的预测效果较好,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素的预测集相关系数RP分别为0.825 7、0.813 4、0.811 6、0.826 2。     

Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Measurement of Sodium by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

This study evaluates the effect of soil particle size (SPS) on the measurement of exchangeable sodium (Na) (EXC-Na) by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Three hundred thirty-two (n = 332) top soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from different locations across Uruguay, analyzed by EXC-Na using emission spectrometry, and scanned in reflectance using a NIR spectrophotometer (1100–2500 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) models between reference chemical data and NIR data were developed using cross validation (leaving one out). The coefficient of determination in calibration (R²) and the root mean square of the standard error of cross validation (RMSECV) for EXC-Na concentration were 0.44 (RMSECV: 0.12 mg kg^–1) for soil with small particle size (SPS-0.053) and 0.77 (RMSECV: 0.09 mg kg^–1) for soils with particle sizes greater than 0.212 mm (SPS-0.212), using the NIR region after second derivative as mathematical transformation. The R² and RMSECV for EXC-Na concentration using PCR were 0.54 (RMSECV: 0.07 mg kg^–1) and 0.80 (RMSECV: 0.03 mg kg^–1) for SPS-0.053 and SPS-0.212 samples, respectively.     

花期前后高温对玉米花粉发育及结实率的影响

为明确花期不同梯度高温对玉米开花特性和花粉活力的影响,以热敏感基因型玉米品种‘驻玉309’为试验材料,于花期(吐丝前8d～吐丝后8d)进行不同程度高温(31、34和37℃)处理,测定受精结实率、雄穗性状、开花时间、花粉活力及花粉超显微结构,分析生育期前后的高温对受精结实、开花特性及花粉活力的影响。结果表明,花期高温胁迫显著降低玉米受精结实率,对抽雄吐丝间隔期无显著影响,但盛花期提前;极端高温则导致玉米抽雄期显著提前、开花期和盛花期延后,抽雄吐丝间隔期延长;花期高温使花粉粒形态皱缩、萌发孔内陷,显著降低花粉活力,且温度越高,花粉活力降低幅度越大。因此,花期前后高温通过影响玉米影响雄穗开花特性、延长抽雄吐丝间隔期、影响花粉粒形态、降低花粉活力,从而降低玉米的小花受精率和籽粒结实率。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的气象因子响应模型

基于江苏省南通市2000～2004年的旬气象资料,用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,研究了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、相对湿度、日照时数、风速和气压等气象因素间的关系,建立了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的响应模型.结果表明,参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与"温度因子"的关系最强,其次为"湿度和日照因子","风速因子"也有一定的影响,"气压因子"影响作用则稍弱;建立的气象因子响应模型模拟精度较高,可以简化参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算.     

基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法

为了有效地指导水产养殖生产,提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度,提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine,ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先,利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数,提取强关联因子,降低预测模型的输入量维度;采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络,避免网络中隐含层共线性问题,保障输出权值的稳定性;然后,结合新型激活函数,构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后,将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized-Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.323 2 mg/L,与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine,LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.623 1s,预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线,能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。     

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta,Salmonidae)

This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.     

基于混合像元分解方法的康保县植被覆盖度估测

以康保县为研究区,使用Landsat8 OLI数据,结合134个野外样地调查数据,通过像元二分法、完全约束最小二乘法和随机森林三种方法来进行混合像元的分解,探讨混合像元分解方法对提取地表植被覆盖度的可行性。结果显示:基于随机森林的混合像元分解方法结果最优,F为0.664,RMSE为0.127;三种方法都能较为精确地估测出康保县的植被覆盖情况,且与实测数据较为拟合,因此采用混合像元分解的方法进行植被覆盖度估测是完全可行的。     

云南滇西玉米施肥现状分析

为了更好地指导农户施肥,采用实地农户访问和田间调查典型区的设点方式,对云南省滇西地区的洱源县、隆阳区和永胜县玉米种植农户进行调查,分析了玉米施肥现状和偏生产力。结果表明：滇西地区玉米施肥主要以化肥为主,有机肥仅占12.3%~14.2%。洱源县、隆阳区、永胜县化肥施用量(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为535.0 kg/hm2、567.8 kg/hm2、505.1 kg/hm2,玉米产量分别为8962.5 kg/hm2、6986.8 kg/hm2、7923.2 kg/hm2。化肥(N+P2O5+K2O)偏生产力分别为23.9 kg/kg、15.5 kg/kg、24.3 kg/kg。以150~250 kg/hm2为氮养分的合理施用量,18.8%农户合理,而过量的农户占70.3%;以45~135 kg/hm2为磷养分的合理施用量,施磷不足和过量的农户分别占29.7%和20.3%;以30~90 kg/hm2为钾素养分的合理施用量,有26.6%农户合理,不足的农户占51.6%。因此,在滇西地区应减少玉米化肥氮的施用,提高玉米氮的偏生产力;增加磷钾肥的施用,提高其产量,获得较高的玉米磷钾偏生产力。     

基于可见/近红外反射光谱的梨树叶片钾含量的快速测定研究

利用可见/近红外反射光谱定量分析技术对梨树鲜叶钾素含量进行快速测定研究。对150个梨树叶片样本进行光谱扫描,其中120个做建模集,30个做验证集。通过对样品的可见/近红外光谱进行多种预处理,并建立钾素预测模型,探讨了可见/近红外光谱数据预处理对预测精度的影响。结果表明,通过原始光谱与S-G(3)平滑相结合的预处理方法,用17个主成分建立的偏最小二乘法模型最好,其交叉验证集和预测集模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.722 7和0.679 1,交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.171,预测的平均相对误差为6.81%,能高效、快速地预测梨树叶片钾素含量,为梨树钾素快速测定提供了新的手段。