不同农药在花椰菜中的安全间隔期研究

采用大田试验和农药残留定量检测方法,研究了5种农药在花椰菜中的安全间隔期。结果表明,不同农药按照推荐剂量施用的条件下,在花椰菜中的降解速率不同,其中,三唑酮在花椰菜上的安全间隔期高达14~21d,辛硫磷为7~14d,敌敌畏为5~7d,氯氟氰菊酯为3~5d,高效氯氰菊酯为1~3d;施用2倍推荐剂量农药的条件下,不同农药的安全间隔期提高1~7倍。     

不同农药在娃娃菜中的安全间隔期研究

娃娃菜是西北黄土高原夏菜的主栽品种之一,本文采用大田定量喷洒农药和定时抽样检测试验,研究了不同农药在娃娃菜中的使用安全间隔期。结果表明,在推荐使用剂量条件下,不同农药在娃娃菜上的使用安全间隔期不同,其中辛硫磷的安全间隔期为7~14d,敌敌畏为5~7d,三唑酮和高效氯氟氰菊酯均为1~3d,高效氯氰菊酯为1h^1d;当农药施用量提高到推荐剂量的2倍时,不同农药的安全间隔期均提高1~14倍。     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract

Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical efficiency is 77%, with intensive farms being more efficient than extensive farms. The adoption of regular fish, water, and feed management activities has a strong positive effect on technical efficiency.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

A review of production frontier analysis for aquaculture management

Abstract

This paper examines recent advances in production economics with special reference to efficiency measurement using production frontiers and its implications for aquaculture management. Compared with agriculture and other industries, the use of production frontiers in aquaculture is still very limited. However, in recent years several frontier applications in aquaculture have appeared in the literature, suggesting potential applications of these techniques in aquaculture. A synopsis of stochastic frontier production function model and data envelopment analysis (DEA), the two most popular approaches to efficiency measurement, is presented, followed by a review of recent frontier studies in shrimp, carp and tilapia production. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future development and prospects of frontier applications for aquaculture management.     

Modeling amino acid requirements of poultry

Poultry nutritionists should constantly evaluate their feeds and feeding programs in view of the changes that continue to be made to the potential growth rate of broilers and egg production in laying hens with the objective of providing the birds with the optimum economic level of nutrients at all times. In this review, the models generated at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal, to estimate the optimum intake of amino acids (AA) for broilers and laying hens are presented. These models were used to estimate the variation in AA intake within a broiler population making use of coefficients of variation that represent the real situation in a commercial broiler operation. The range of AA intakes obtained was compared to some commonly applied feeding programs and recommendations. Based on results of our developed models and other feeding programs, feeds were formulated and growth was predicted using a growth simulation model (Avinesp). The prediction of growth showed that these models are reliable and useful tools to assist the nutritionists in decision making. In a study with laying hens, the Reading model (RM) was used to establish optimum economic AA intakes in a flock of hens. The input variables were the means and standard deviations of egg output and BW, and the relationship between the marginal cost of the AA and the marginal revenue for eggs. Based on this model, the optimum intake of each AA can vary with each of the variables considered. The models proposed in our study enable important decisions to be made regarding AA intakes to be used to obtain optimum economic performance from a population of broilers and laying hens.     

模拟降雨格局变化对虎尾草分株和根系特征的影响

作为全球气候变化的重要组成部分,降雨格局变化能够对各类植物产生不同的影响.虎尾草为退化盐碱草地恢复的主要先锋种植物之一,降雨格局变化如何影响其分株和根系等特征对于全球变化背景下退化盐碱地的生态恢复至关重要.本研究通过人工模拟降雨格局变化试验,设置了3个降水量(减少30％、不变、增加30％)和2个降雨间隔(1、2d),研...     

基于随机方法的湖泊水质风险性分析

湖泊水环境是一个受多种不确定性因素限制、参数众多、机理十分复杂的系统,因此将存在对水环境质量破坏的潜在风险。文中以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,应用随机方法对该湖泊水质存在的潜在风险进行了计算,结果表明:温度上升的5,6,7月份,乌梁素海水质超标风险率都超过了20%,按Ⅴ类标准控制的水质超标风险率在40%左右,非突发性环境风险发生的可能性很大,有机污染十分严重,该方法能较好地反映不同时期湖泊水环境质量遭到破坏的潜在风险的变化过程,为湖泊水环境风险的决策和管理工作提供参考依据。     

浅析宏程序在FANUC 0i数控系统中的应用

通过典型零件的宏程序编程实例分析其编程方法，并归纳出手工编程中应．用宏程序解决复杂零件数控加工编程问题的作用和技巧。