Dairy Production and Reproduction by Crosses of Holstein,Jersey or Brown Swiss Sires with Holstein-Friesian/Gir Dams

The performance was compared of cows sired by Holstein, Jersey or Brown Swiss bulls out of Holstein-Friesian×Gir dams of 1/2 to 3/4 Holstein-Friesian content. The animals were kept in a single herd under the same management. The data were analysed by least-squares techniques under a model that included the fixed effects of breed of sire, Bos taurus fraction of the dam, parity, year and season of calving, and a random cow effect. Based on 480 observations, the milk yields per lactation for the Holstein, Jersey and Brown Swiss sired groups were 2821±163, 2320±61 and 2418±119 kg, respectively. The corresponding means for fat yield per lactation were 96.9±6.6, 86.8±2.5 and 92.8±4.8 kg; for protein yield per lactation were 85.3±5.1, 71.3±1.9 and 76.3±3.7 kg; for lactation length, 339±18, 283±7 and 313±14 days for fat percentage, 3.37±0.10, 3.73±0.04 and 3.77±0.07%; and for protein percentage, 3.02±0.05, 3.10±0.02 and 3.16±0.04%. The respective calving intervals were 487±24, 408±11 and 461±245 days. The yields of milk and protein per day of calving interval were similar in the Jersey and Holstein sired groups, while the former had higher yields of fat, implying that production economics might favour the smaller Jersey crosses in production systems in which the males were not reared. Crossing with Brown Swiss did not improve performance over the Holstein sired crosses.     

A Study on Urban Land Structure Optimization Model

As far as the urban land structure is mentioned, it means the distribution of urban land among the different industries of the city. The problem of urban land structure is referred as unreasonable allocation of urban land caused by several factors, including the decision making mechanism of old economy and urban development policies. Different from using Fractal theory, Entropy theory and Functional theory, in this paper, with reference to Dissipative Structure Theory, one dynamic, systematic and historical optimization model of Max f(J_i, X_i) with two parameters of J_i and X_i will mainly be set up. This model can be used for analyzing the key factors determining the optimization of urban land structure.     

Selection potential of different prolificacy traits in the finnish landrace and large white populations

Heritabilities and genetic correlations for different prolificacy traits were estimated to assess possibilities of selection for high number of piglets weaned. Three litter-size traits: total number of piglets born (TNB), number of piglets born alive (NBA), number of piglets weaned (NW); four piglet survival traits: number of stillborn piglets (NSB), percent of stillborn piglets (NSB%), piglet mortality between birth and weaning (PM), percent of dead piglets during suckling (PM%); and three traits measuring time intervals: age at first farrowing (AFF), first farrowing interval (FFI), and gestation length (GL) were analysed. The Finnish national litter recording scheme provided data on the first parity litters of 11 329 Landrace and 8 362 Large White pigs born between 1986 and 2000. The heritabilitiy estimates were moderate for AFF and GL (0.24–0.37), and low for all the other traits (0.03–0.11). The genetic correlations between TNB and PM (0.68 in Landrace and 0.43 in Large White) and between NBA and PM (0.64 in Landrace and 0.31 in Large White) suggest that selection only for high TNB or NBA will lead to increased PM. The results showed further that GL will increase indirectly if the selection pressure is for low PM (r _g =?0.050 in Landrace and ?0.43 in Large White.     

基于SIMULATION的制粒机环模数值模拟及设计优化

制粒机为饲料制粒工艺中的核心设备,而环模又是制粒机中的关键零部件,其自身材质、结构参数、加工质量等对制粒机的效能发挥有着举足轻重的作用。该零件为易损件且价格昂贵,如何优化环模设计及加工工艺,延长其使用寿命,为生产企业降低成本,是一个复杂的科研课题。文章基于SOLIDWORKS的SIMULATION有限元分析模块,对环模的工况进行数值模拟和设计优化,并将成果应用于实际生产制造,集合使用反馈数据,为下一步研究做准备。     

Selection of locations of knots for linear splines in random regression test‐day models

Using spline functions (segmented polynomials) in regression models requires the knowledge of the location of the knots. Knots are the points at which independent linear segments are connected. Optimal positions of knots for linear splines of different orders were determined in this study for different scenarios, using existing estimates of covariance functions and an optimization algorithm. The traits considered were test‐day milk, fat and protein yields, and somatic cell score (SCS) in the first three lactations of Canadian Holsteins. Two ranges of days in milk (from 5 to 305 and from 5 to 365) were taken into account. In addition, four different populations of Holstein cows, from Australia, Canada, Italy and New Zealand, were examined with respect to first lactation (305 days) milk only. The estimates of genetic and permanent environmental covariance functions were based on single‐ and multiple‐trait test‐day models, with Legendre polynomials of order 4 as random regressions. A differential evolution algorithm was applied to find the best location of knots for splines of orders 4 to 7 and the criterion for optimization was the goodness‐of‐fit of the spline covariance function. Results indicated that the optimal position of knots for linear splines differed between genetic and permanent environmental effects, as well as between traits and lactations. Different populations also exhibited different patterns of optimal knot locations. With linear splines, different positions of knots should therefore be used for different effects and traits in random regression test‐day models when analysing milk production traits.     

水稻胚乳双向电泳技术体系的优化分析

为比较同一杂交组合不同直链淀粉含量后代在灌浆期胚乳内蛋白表达差异,文章建立了一套适合灌浆期水稻胚乳蛋白的双向电泳技术,探讨了胚乳蛋白的提取、等电聚焦上样量的选择、胶条转移等双向电泳的一些关键技术。结果表明,一次溶解蛋白样品,TCA-丙酮法优于酚法蛋白提取,300μg上样量为最适上样量,能得到清晰、分离效果好、蛋白点数较多的图像。     

Smad泛素化调节因子2siRNA的筛选及转染原代肾小管上皮细胞条件的优化简

试验旨在优化Smad泛素化调节因子2（Smurf2） siRNA最佳转染条件,筛选最佳siRNA干扰片段,进而实现对Smurf2基因的瞬时沉默,为研究Smurf2基因在马兜铃酸肾病（aristolochic acid nephrohathy,AAN）中的作用奠定基础。本研究通过培养小鼠原代肾小管上皮细胞（renal tubular epithelial cells,RTECs）,并以脂质体Lipofectamine^TM 2000为转染介质,将Smurf2 siRNA转染入RTECs;通过观察绿色荧光的表达量及Real-time PCR反应优化转染条件,转染后Real-time PCR检测mRNA表达抑制率。CCK-8法检测Smurf2 siRNA复合物对RTECs活性的影响;同时,用Real-time PCR和Western blotting检测不同位点Smurf2 siRNA对Smurf2 表达的影响。结果显示,当Lipofectamine ^TM 2000与siRNA比例为1.5 μL∶30 pmol时,转染效率最高,为70%～80%;Smurf2-619 siRNA干扰效果最明显;与正常组相比,转染siRNA组的Smurf2蛋白表达水平显著下降（P<0.05）。最终确定了Smurf2 siRNA最佳转染条件,其中Smurf2-619 siRNA对Smurf2 表达的抑制率最高。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis BS1发酵培养基的优化

为提高枯草芽孢杆菌BS1发酵液中芽孢含量,通过单因素试验、正交试验及回归正交组合试验优化其发酵培养基,最终确定培养基配方为:麦芽浸粉1 g/l、黄豆粉15 g/l、CaCO36.68 g/l、MnSO40.4 g/l、MgCl22 g/l,初始pH值7.0。使用该配方,在37℃、180 r/min条件下于恒温摇床中振荡培养48 h,枯草芽孢杆菌BS1菌株发酵液中芽孢含量可达8.55×1010cfu/ml。     

Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow–calf system by the life cycle assessment method

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental impacts of a beef cow–calf system using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method and to investigate the effects of scenarios to reduce environmental impacts on the LCA results. The functional unit was defined as one marketed beef calf, and the processes associated with the cow–calf life cycle, such as feed production, feed transport, animal management, the biological activity of the animal and the treatment of cattle waste were included in the system boundary. The present results showed that the total contributions of one beef calf throughout its life cycle to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and energy consumption were 4550 kg of CO₂ equivalents, 40.1 kg of SO₂ equivalents, 7.0 kg of phosphate (PO₄) equivalents and 16.1 GJ, respectively. The contribution of each process to the total environmental impact in each environmental impact category showed a similar tendency to the contribution of each process in each environmental category reported in the case of the beef fattening system as a whole. The results from this analysis showed that shortening calving intervals by 1 month reduced environmental impacts by 5.7–5.8% in all the environmental impact categories examined in the current study, and increasing the number of calves per cow also reduced environmental impacts in all the categories, although the effects were smaller.     

芽孢杆菌B13的分离鉴定及其抑菌作用研究

试验旨在发掘有效的抗性菌以替代部分抗生素,并研究其抑菌作用,以大肠杆菌K88、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用凝胶打孔法从猪肠道内容物中筛选出一株对3种病原菌均具有抑菌活性的菌株,利用形态特征观察、革兰氏染色、16SrDNA序列同源性比对鉴定菌株,并对其抑菌条件和生长条件进行优化。结果显示,试验筛选到1株对大肠杆菌K88、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有较强抑制作用的菌株,经鉴定确定其为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),并命名为芽孢杆菌B13。此分离菌为革兰氏阳性菌,单生或成对生长。生长试验结果表明,该分离菌在pH为6.0,温度为34℃,以蔗糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源时,生长速度最快;在pH为7.0,温度为35℃,以麦芽糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源时,抗鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌K88活性最高。本试验通过对芽孢杆菌B13的特性进行研究发现,此菌株具有较好的抑菌效果,在抑菌方面具有良好的开发应用前景。