Exclusion of interspecific competition reduces scatter‐hoarding of Siberian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus: A field study

Although food availability and the abundance of seed predators have been postulated to affect seed dispersal, it is not clear how seed‐eating animals modify their scatter‐hoarding strategies in response to different levels of interspecific competition. We placed paired germinated and ungerminated acorns of Quercus mongolica on 30‐cm high platforms to exclude potential interspecific competition of the predominant larder hoarders Apodemus peninsulae and Myodes rufocanus, to investigate seed dispersal by a predominant scatter‐hoarder, Tamias sibiricus, in the field in north‐eastern China. Our results showed that T. sibiricus ate more acorns in situ in the absence of interspecific competition. In the presence of interspecific competition of A. peninsulae and C. rufocanus, however, more acorns were scatter‐hoarded by T. sibiricus. Regardless of interspecific competition, germination of acorns showed no significant effects on seed dispersal patterns, inconsistent with the “seed perishability hypothesis” that animals avoid hoarding seeds with high perishability. Exclusion of interspecific competition, though relatively increasing the per capita seed abundance, appears to reduce seed dispersal, scatter‐hoarding and seedling establishment. Therefore, we propose that moderate interspecific competition rather than competition exclusion may benefit seed scatter‐hoarding and seedling establishment.     

三种豆科作物与玉米间作对玉米生产力和种间竞争的影响

合理的种间配置是间作系统中作物获取高产,种间相互作用发挥优势的关键。本研究设置蚕豆/玉米(M/F)、大豆/玉米(M/S)和豌豆/玉米(M/P) 3种豆科作物与玉米间作模式,以及相应单作种植,通过测定单间作条件下作物产量、生物量,明确3种豆科作物与玉米间作对间作玉米生产力和间作作物种间资源竞争力的影响。结果表明,3种间作模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,两年平均土地当量比分别为1.38 (M/F)、1.19 (M/S)、1.26 (M/P);两年结果均是M/S中玉米产量最高,至收获期,与大豆间作的玉米产量可达单作玉米产量的93.6% (2017)和71.2% (2018);M/S中玉米的穗粒数显著高于M/F和M/P中;地上部生物量及采样期平均生长速率均表现为M/S>M/P>M/F;共生期内大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(A_sm)随共生期推进逐渐降低,而蚕豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_fm)和豌豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_pm)逐渐升高;玉米单独生长时期3种间作模式玉米的补偿效应(CE)无显著差异,各间作模式两年平均CE值均小于1;因此,在本试验条件下,甘肃河西走廊灌区玉米与大豆间作是保证间作玉米稳产的有效措施。     

福建武平帽布火烧前米槠种群动态分析

根据福建武平帽布火烧前米槠群落生态现状系统调查资料，运用立木级结构对米槠种群结构、分布格局及米信与其它植物种间关系进行分析结果表明：米槠种群立木级结构和存活曲线呈增长型，分布格局为负二项分布，米储与其它植物正联结种对有５２对、负联结种对９７对．     

武夷山常绿阔叶林中优势种群种间竞争的研究

采用“相邻格子的取样方法”，在武夷山黄岗地区对不同年龄阶段的常绿阔叶林群落进行了调查．以主要优势种群木荷（Ｓｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａ）、甜槠（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｅｙｒｅｉ）和青冈（Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｇｌａｕｃａ）在不同年龄阶段群落中的相对优势度作为生态位重叠的计量，以优势植物种群在正常成熟林中优势度作为其容纳量，并用Ｌｏｔｋａ－Ｖｏｌｔｅｒａ竞争方程讨论了群落中优势种群木荷、甜槠和青冈的竞争，结果表明：平衡时，它们的相对优势度分别为３３．２４％、３８．３７％、２８．３９％．即该地区常绿阔叶林群落将由木荷、甜槠和青冈三种植物共优组成     

白菜型油菜和羽衣甘蓝种间杂交的初步研究Ⅰ.取材时间对子房离体培养结籽率的影响

黄籽白菜型油菜和黄籽甘蓝人工合成甘蓝型油菜是解决现有甘蓝型油菜黄籽不稳定的有效途径之一。研究以黄籽白菜型油菜和黄籽羽衣甘蓝进行种同杂交，通过子房离体培养克服种间杂交的不亲和型，并对授粉后取材时间和子房培养效率进行分析，研究结果表明：不同基因型的羽衣甘蓝和白菜杂交结籽率有一定差异；授粉后10-17d取材进行子房培养都是有效的，其中15d左右效果较好。     

水盾草入侵沉水植物群落主要种群生态位和种间联结研究

研究了水生外来植物水盾草(Cabomba carolimana)入侵沉水植物群落的不同种群生态位特征和种间联结性.选择了其扩散区域内的24个样地进行群落学调查,测定了群落中13个种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠、多物种间总体关联性及成对物种间联结性,结果表明:①水盾草入侵沉水植物群落13个种群中,水盾草的生态位宽度最大,金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)次之.②水盾草与金鱼藻、黑藻、苦草和黄花狸藻(Utricularia aurea)间生态位重叠较大,与其他物种间的生态位重叠较小.③水盾草和金鱼藻、苦草、黑藻之间具有一定的正联结,而与其他物种间的联结性不显著,基本上趋于独立出现.由此可见,水盾草在中国急剧扩散,对常见的乡土种有很大的负面影响,导致群落物种多样性下降,应加强防控研究.     

番茄种间杂交不亲和性的研究

以栽培种番茄[Lycopersicon esculentum“粤农二号”(E)],野生种秘鲁番茄(L.peruvianum(P)],以及“粤农二号×秘鲁番茄”的F_1(“E×P”F_1)为材料,进行相互间的有性杂交。在“P×E”F_0杂交组合中,E的花粉管与P的花柱部位发生不亲和;“E×P”F_1自交,自身的精卵细胞不亲和;PדE×P”F_1回交,远缘杂种“E×P”F_1的花粉管与P的胚珠不亲和。“E×E”和“P×P”两融交组合,E和P的花粉管在授粉后24小时左右已可看到进入子房,到迭胚珠。     

天台县大雷山夏蜡梅群落学特征分析

  目的  探索浙江省天台县大雷山野生夏蜡梅Sinocalycanthus chinensis群落的物种组成、种群结构和种间联结,补充大雷山野生夏蜡梅资源分布情况。  方法  在实地踏查的基础上,结合以往研究资料,选取天台县大雷山夏蜡梅的典型群落,建立5个20 m×20 m样地,进行群落学调查。  结果  ①夏蜡梅所处的群落类型多样,主要有落叶阔叶林、针叶林和竹林,分层明显,乔木层优势种有化香树Platycarya strobilacea、山胡椒Lindera glauca、灯台树Bothrocaryum controversum、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、毛竹Phyllostachys edulis;灌木层优势种有中国绣球Hydrangea chinensis、夏蜡梅、悬铃木叶苎麻 Boehmeria tricuspis;草本层优势种有金星蕨Parathelypteris glanduligera、辽宁堇菜Viola rossii、透茎冷水花Pilea pumila。②夏蜡梅的种群结构为“金字塔”型,第Ⅰ级个体比率最高,占56.51%,说明种群正处在增长阶段。③对夏蜡梅群落内的乔木层和灌木层物种对进行种间关联与相关性分析显示,正负关联比均大于1,说明夏蜡梅与大部分树种无相关关系。  结论  大雷山野生夏蜡梅群落中各树种联系紧密,群落的结构和功能趋于完善,但夏蜡梅在群落中可能处于相对独立的地位。鉴于夏蜡梅与红果山胡椒Lindera erythrocarpa、山莓Rubus corchorifolius、浙闽樱桃Cerasus schneideriana、化香树等树种呈负相关关系,具有竞争关系,建议在后期夏蜡梅野外保育过程中,采取适当人为择伐和抚育措施,营造良好的生长环境。图10表5参24     

七里海湿地植物种间关系的数量分析

在野外样方调查的基础上,采用χ2检验和Spearman秩相关分析方法,研究了七里海湿地40种主要植物,共780个种对间关联和相关关系。χ2检验结果有357个种对呈正相关,423个种对呈负相关;Spearman秩相关分析检验结果有356个种对呈正相关,有424个种对呈负相关。二者结果一致,与χ2检验相比,Spearman秩相关分析法更为灵敏。七里海湿地主要植物种具有显著相关性的种对数(279对)占总种对数(780对)的比例较低,为35.77%,说明大多数种间关系松散,种对间的独立性较强,植被可能处于退化状态。40个主要植物种可以划分为3个生态种组,各生态种组内的种有相似的资源利用方式和生态要求,各种组间有相互转化和演替的趋势。     

Comparative Embryological Studies on Infertility of Interspecific Hybridizations Between Oryza sativa with Different Ploidy Levels and O. officinalis

As maternal parents, diploid (L202-2x) and autotetraploid (L202-4x) of Oryza sativa cv. L202 were crossed with O. officinalis. Embryo development and fertilization in these two crosses were comparatively studied. There were no mature hybrid seeds obtained because all the hybridized spikelets died 30 days after pollination. The main reasons for no seed set were abnormal fertilization and development of the embryos and endosperms in the interspecific hybrids. There were double- fertilization, egg cell single-fertilization and non-fertilization in these crosses. Although 59.45% and 54.87% of hybrid embryos produced in the crosses of L202-2x/O. officinalis and L202-4x/O. officinalis, respectively, hybrid embryos ceased to develop or degenerated and plenty of free endosperm nuclei were in disaggregating state without developing cellular endosperms three days after pollination. Besides, some embryological differences in these two crosses were found, that is, the rate of double-fertilization and total rate of double- and single-fertilization in L202-2x/O. officinalis were higher than those in L202-4x/O. officinalis. The embryo and endosperm of hybrids developed more slowly, and embryos and free endosperm nuclei were more severely degenerated in L202-4x/O. officinalis than in L202-2x/O. officinalis. Five days after pollination, a few of embryos in L202-2x/O. officinalis developed into pear-shaped ones, however, embryos in L202-4x/O. officinalis were all degenerated. Therefore, it is more difficult to obtain interspecific hybrids by wide crosses between autotetraploid of O. sativa and O. officinalis.