细胞质雄性不育海岛棉与陆地棉三交种的杂种优势表现

 以海岛棉和陆地棉不育系及其恢复系为杂交亲本,配制了10个海岛棉与陆地棉种间三交种（简称海陆三交种）和4个单交种。经两年田间试验表明,海陆三交种相对于海海单交种产量极显著提高,与海陆单交种无显著差异,但比陆陆单交种显著减产;纤维品质接近于海陆单交种,显著高于陆陆单交种;制种产量虽然不及陆陆单交种,但比海海单交种显著增产。选育海陆三交种应注重选择早熟的海岛棉不育系,高衣分的陆地棉临时保持系,大铃的陆地棉恢复系,且叶型和株型相对一致的亲本配制组合。     

白兰杂种F1种间杂种优势形成的水分胁迫抗性生理基础

运用林木遗传学和逆境生理学的原理和方法,研究了白兰种间正反杂种F1杂种优势形成的水分胁迫抗性生理基础。结果表明:杂种叶片具有在水分胁迫状态下抗失水、维持叶绿素单位面积质量、保持蛋白质单位面积质量、降低RNase活力升高速率等4种超亲杂种优势现象。蛋白质生物合成抑制剂取得的证据表明水分胁迫状态下双亲叶片RNase活力的升高除涉及到细胞质mRNA翻译外,还可能涉及到叶绿体和/或线粒体RNase的释放、活化、合成,而正反交F1杂种叶片RNase活力升高主要来自于细胞质mRNA的翻译,而与叶绿体、线粒体的关联不密切。     

Self-incompatibility in Brassicaceae crops: lessons for interspecific incompatibility

Most wild plants and some crops of the Brassicaceae express self-incompatibility, which is a mechanism that allows stigmas to recognize and discriminate against “self” pollen, thus preventing self-fertilization and inbreeding. Self-incompatibility in this family is controlled by a single S locus containing two multiallelic genes that encode the stigma-expressed S-locus receptor kinase and its pollen coat-localized ligand, the S-locus cysteine-rich protein. Physical interaction between receptor and ligand encoded in the same S locus activates the receptor and triggers a signaling cascade that results in inhibition of “self” pollen. Sequence information for many S-locus haplotypes in Brassica species has spurred studies of dominance relationships between S haplotypes and of S-locus structure, as well as the development of methods for S genotyping. Furthermore, molecular genetic studies have begun to identify genes that encode putative components of the self-incompatibility signaling pathway. In parallel, standard genetic analysis and QTL analysis of the poorly understood interspecific incompatibility phenomenon have been initiated to identify genes responsible for the inhibition of pollen from other species by the stigma. Herewith, we review recent studies of self-incompatibility and interspecific incompatibility, and we propose a model in which a universal pollen-inhibition pathway is shared by these two incompatibility systems.     

Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization and chromosomal engineering of Brassicaceae crops

In Brassicaceae crop breeding programs, wild relatives have been evaluated as genetic resources to develop new cultivars with biotic and abiotic stress resistance. This has become necessary because of the diversification of ecotypes of diseases and pests, changing food preferences, advances in production technology, the use of new approaches such as in vitro breeding programs, and the need for economical production of F₁ seed. To produce potential new cultivars, interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations have been performed between cultivated species and between cultivated species and their wild relatives. Furthermore, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been successfully produced using embryo rescue techniques. In this paper, we review the interspecific and intergeneric incompatibilities between Brassicaceae crops and their wild relatives, and the production, characterization, and improvement of synthetic amphidiploid lines, alien gene introgression lines, alloplasmic lines, monosomic alien chromosome addition lines, and monosomic alien chromosome substitution lines. The goal is to provide useful materials to support practical breeding strategies and to study the genetic effects of individual chromosomes on plant traits, the number of genes that control a trait, their linkage relationships, and genetic improvement in Brassicaceae crops.     

天山北坡不同区域及海拔对天然草地鸭茅群落物种种间关系影响

以天山北坡不同区域与海拔地段鸭茅群落主要物种为研究对象,采用邻接格子样方法测定鸭茅群落物种优势度,通过方差比率计算、χ²检验、联结指数即秩相关分析种间联结性,分析鸭茅群落主要优势物种在群落中的分布及优势物种鸭茅与其他物种之间的关系,探讨区域与海拔梯度变化对鸭茅群落物稳定性的影响。结果表明,1)东、西两段山地鸭茅群落主要物种种间联结性在海拔1800~2200 m间呈现出由正关联逐渐向负关联过渡,群落稳定性有随海拔升高呈逐渐减弱趋势。2)联结系数及联结指数结果均说明不同区域与海拔梯度对的鸭茅群落物种间的联结程度有一定影响,但均表现不强,而处于弱联结的较多或无联结,群落中各物种间较松散。3)鸭茅种群与群落内其他种之间的相关性有时呈正联结,有时呈负联结,这与区域与海拔地段所处的环境因素存在异质性有关。研究结果为揭示影响鸭茅群落物稳定性因素,预测鸭茅种群动态和种间竞争与共存机制提供重要的理论依据。     

甘芥种间杂交后代DH系花期抗旱性评价

本试验以22份甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜种间杂交后代DH株系为供试材料,在油菜花期降雨量约5.7 mm、6.7 mm的情况下,连续两年设置正常灌水、花期干旱胁迫2个处理,考察产量及与产量相关农艺性状,应用抗旱指数法、灰色关联度综合分析法结合聚类分析,筛选优异的抗旱种质资源。结果表明,多数甘芥杂交后代材料抗旱性高于常规甘蓝型品种,共获得7份抗旱性较强的材料;无论采用直接评价或关联系数综合评价,两种不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,约有42.55%的材料抗旱等级分类一致,同一材料在不同程度干旱胁迫条件下,其抗旱性表现有差别,通过不同程度干旱胁迫条件下综合评价其抗旱性结果更可靠。     

芝麻栽培种与野生种(Sesamum indicatum)杂种F_1的获得及特性鉴定

【目的】通过远缘杂交获得芝麻栽培种与野生种的杂交后代,改良芝麻栽培种对茎点枯病的抗性。【方法】对野芝3号(S.indicatum)(P_3)和芝麻栽培种中芝14(P_1)、中芝14同源四倍体(P_2)进行正反种间杂交,通过幼胚培养技术获得杂种F1植株。首先利用SSR分子标记、细胞学、形态学方法进行后代真实性鉴定,筛选出真杂种。后对种间杂交的3个亲本(野芝3号、中芝14及其同源四倍体)以及杂种后代F1株系进行茎点枯病人工接种鉴定。【结果】种间正反交组合后代的幼胚成苗率有明显差异,在接种的773个幼胚中,有155个幼胚发育成苗,平均幼胚成苗率为20.05%。种间正交组合(P_3×P_1、P_3×P_2分别为32.75%和21.11%),高于反交组合(P_1×P_3、P_2×P_3分别为8.84%和13.41%)。说明亲本的基因型在很大程度上影响远缘杂交的成苗率。P_3×P_1、P_1×P_3组合F1植株染色体数目为42条;P_3×P_2、P_2×P_3组合F1染色体数目为55条,正反交杂种F1株系大部分花粉粒形态独特,形状规则但多无内含物,为高度不育类型;部分F1株系有少量的可育花粉,为部分不育型。选用多态性较好的HS142引物在亲本中芝14中能清晰的扩增出2条特异性条带(约460和500 bp),在野芝3号则扩增出1条特异性条带(约380 bp)。然后对12个后代进行鉴定,其中有10个杂种F1植株同时具有3条父、母本特异条带,另2株仅出现母本或父本带为假杂种。以高抗种质野芝3号为母本的种间杂交P_3×P_1、P_3×P_2后代染病的病斑长度分别为9.35和6.65 cm,反交组合后代的病斑长度分别为9.90和8.90 cm;所有杂交组合的后代对茎点枯病抗性均高于其栽培种亲本(P_1 14.30 cm和P_2 11.46 cm),但低于野生种亲本(P_3 4.80 cm)。【结论】通过种间杂交结合幼胚培养可以筛选出茎点枯病抗性明显高于芝麻栽培亲本的新种质。     

No evidence for avoidance of black rat scent by the presumably less competitive Natal multimammate mouse in a choice experiment

In Africa, indigenous multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis) only appear to live commensally in houses when invasive black rats (Rattus rattus) are absent, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Avoidance through smell may cause the absence of M. natalensis from areas occupied by R. rattus, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We conducted a Y-maze choice experiment where 15 M. natalensis were offered a choice between corridors containing conspecific scent, R. rattus scent and a control scent. Residence time in the R. rattus corridor was greater than that in the control corridor but equal to that in the M. natalensis corridor, suggesting that multimammate mice do not actively avoid the scent of their invasive competitor.     

混播方式对无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地植物生长效率及混播效应的影响

本研究从混播牧草相对生长效率和种间竞争动态的角度出发,利用盆栽试验分析和比较不同混播方式下无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)的相对生长速率、叶绿素荧光参数、牧草相对产量及相对产量总和,以期明确无芒雀麦+红豆草混播草地的种间竞争过程和混播优势产生机制。结果表明,两种牧草株高相对生长速率和密度相对生长速率均表现出混播大于单播,行距30cm异行混播表现出较高的相对生长速率。异行混播下无芒雀麦相对密度(RD_g)和红豆草相对密度(RD_l)均高于同行混播,行距30cm异行混播下红豆草RD_l和相对产量(RY)均较高;同行混播和行距30cm异行混播具有较高的相对产量总和(RYT)。无芒雀麦叶片的初始荧光效率(F_o)和最大荧光(F_m)均为异行混播高于单播,叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)则是单播高于同行混播;在不同混播方式下两种牧草叶片单位面积捕获的光能(TR_o/CS_o)值相差较小;行距30cm异行混播、行距45cm异行混播下两种牧草均具有较高叶绿素荧光参数。因此,行距30cm+异行混播具有较高群体光合效率和豆科牧草种间竞争力,形成了组分结构稳定、生产性能较高的群体。