Does soil nitrogen affect early competitive traits of annual weeds in comparison with maize?

Soil nitrogen (N) is considered an important driver of crop‐weed interactions, yet the mechanisms involved have been only partially explored, especially with respect to early‐season growth, when competitive hierarchies are formed. This study characterises the effects of different N levels on biomass accumulation and plant morphology for maize (Zea mays), and four important weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Abutilon theophrasti, Setaria faberi, and Chenopodium album). Under glasshouse conditions, plants were grown in separate pots and irrigated with nutrient solution at four N concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 2, 5 μm L⁻¹) until 57 days after emergence. Except for S. faberi, which was unresponsive to N, the relative biomass growth rates (RGR) of maize and the broad‐leaved weeds were positively and similarly affected by increasing nitrogen. At all N levels, maize had a height advantage by virtue of its larger seed size, which conferred early growth benefits independent of RGR. At low N, biomass growth was instrumental to S. faberi’s improved competitive position, whereas height development per unit biomass improved the competitive position of A. theophrasti, C. album and A. retroflexus. The approach presented could be applied to other crop‐weed systems to evaluate environmental impacts on competitive outcomes.     

不同种昆虫病原线虫对同一寄主个体的竞争及对线虫繁殖的影响

采用注射侵染和自然侵染法，测试了长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系、小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对同一寄主大蜡螟幼虫的相互作用，及其对线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明，无论是注射侵染还是自然侵染法，对大蜡螟幼虫个体的致死竞争能力最强的是长尾斯氏线虫，其次是小卷蛾斯氏线虫，嗜菌异小杆线虫的致死能力最弱。在同一大蜡螟幼虫体内时。异小杆线虫的繁殖受斯氏线虫的不利影响较大，而两种斯氏线虫的繁殖受异小杆线虫的不利影响较小。两种斯氏线虫对各自的繁殖影响不大。     

秦川肉牛新品系的培育

产于陕西八百里秦川的秦川牛,千百年来一直是关中农业生产的主要动力和粪肥来源,建国后,通过广大科技工作者的通力合作,协同攻关,运用国际育种先进技术,选出优秀公牛,授配主产区大批秦川母牛,配合其他措施,从而加速了秦川牛的选育,使之很快由役用型转变为肉用型,形成了秦川肉牛新品系。经屠宰测定,其肉用,役用性能不仅大大高于５０年代调查时测定的指标,而且其中一些肉用性能指标与国际著名的肉牛品种相比也毫不逊色,     

天山马鹿清原品系产茸量遗传标记的研究

本文是把天山马鹿清原品系的部分生物信使指标作为产茸的标记性状进行了研究。结果表明,清原品系马鹿血浆８项生物信使指标在各锯别间具有一定波动,Ｔ３、Ｔ４、ｃＡＭＰ、ＡＫＰｓ活力与鲜茸重呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６６９、ｒ＝０．８３５、ｒ＝０．８３４９、ｒ＝０．９８０１）,ＡＫＰ同工酶快型个体的平均产茸量均高于慢型个体;该试验还建立了预测产茸量的线性多元回归方程。     

基于空间自相关构建树木生长模型

2004—2008年，在日本九州地区宫崎县田野天然次生林内设置的一块100 m×100 m固定标准地中，通过每木调查，测量了固定标准地内树木的种类、空间位置、生长等数据。为了便于理解，以固定标准地中优势树种蚊母树为主要研究对象，在考虑周边所有树木的影响的同时，利用贝叶斯统计方法分析了空间自相关及树木间的对称竞争、非对称竞争对树木生长过程的影响，并比较了忽略空间自相关的情况。结果表明:在构建研究对象树种的生长模型时，树木个体间的竞争是不可缺少的参数，尤其是个体间的对称竞争。在利用空间自相关参数建模时，最终模型的决定系数R2＝0.83；而忽略空间自相关参数的模型，其决定系数R2＝0.74。通过其他主要树种的分析也表明了导入空间自相关参数的优越性，因此可以认为，考虑空间自相关的随机效应模型能更精确地预测树木的生长。本研究所采用的空间自相关模型不仅可以利用树木个体的分布信息推测其生态学特征，还为树木生长模拟提供了理论与方法上的借鉴。      

Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha⁻¹ for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha⁻¹ at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.     

Competition for food between Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus [L.]) over different substrate types

Abstract –  Food consumption by Eurasian perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.) and ruffe ( Gymnocephalus cernuus [L.]) was studied in single and mixed-species treatments in the laboratory, where alternative food resources, chironomids and zooplankton, were offered simultaneously. The effects of structural complexity, which was represented by substrate grain size, and of feeding level on food consumption were analysed. Across all experiments, the outcome of competition between perch and ruffe depended on food abundance and on the structural complexity of the environment. Perch and ruffe both changed their food consumption in the presence of a heterospecific competitor. With high food supply, perch consumed more benthic food than ruffe. With low food supply, the consumption of perch decreased strongly, while that of ruffe remained high on fine sediment. Under all conditions tested, the mechanism of competition appeared to be of interference rather than of exploitative nature. It is suggested that with decreasing lake productivity caused by re-oligotrophication, habitat shifts of both species will occur, which will alleviate interspecific competition. Ruffe will forage over fine sediment and perch over coarse sediment, whereby both species will achieve the highest foraging efficiency under conditions of low food supply.     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

基于技能竞赛培养高职学生创新能力的探索

高职学生技能竞赛有着日常教学无法起到的特殊教育功能,对培养学生创新能力,精细化人才培养过程,提高教学水平,具有独特的、不可替代的作用。搭建基于技能竞赛平台的大学生创新能力培养新模式,旨在建立长效的工作机制,形成技能竞赛系列化、规范化和品牌化,并使技能竞赛成为创新能力培养的有效途径。     

国际旅游岛背景下海南休闲农业发展探讨

通过分析国际旅游岛的建设背景，认为海南大力发展热带休闲农业，可以打造海南生态休闲旅游的新品牌、构筑海南旅游发展的新亮点。并结合海南休闲农业发展的实际情况，就如何进一步发展海南休闲农业提出对策和建议。