The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation

Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring-planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four-course crop rotation (potatoes-cereal-sugarbeet-cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over-winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.
Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha⁻¹, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l⁻¹. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c . 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha⁻¹, and non-N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.
After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.     

SR型野外人工模拟降雨装置

SR型人工降雨装置是一种多喷头、多单元组合式的间歇降雨装置.选用目前国内外较理想的喷头,在喷头处辅以可改变喷头降水方式的机械传动装置,以间歇方式降雨来满足其降雨强度,雨滴直径大小及其分布与自然降雨相似.每个单元的有效降雨面积为2m×5m;如果4个单元组合成,其长度可增加4倍,有效降雨面积即2m×20m.装置采用轻型铝合金材料制成,结构简单,易于安装拆卸,适用于野外工作.     

太湖地区稻麦轮作农田氮素淋洗特点

通过排水采集器模拟试验研究了太湖地区不同施肥水平下农田N素淋洗特点。结果表明,N的渗漏损失以硝态氮（NO3^--N）为主,并发生在麦季,铵态氮（NH4^ -N)淋洗量则很少,NO3^--N的量占渗漏液总N量的43%-72%,浓度为20-110mg/kg;渗漏水中N的含量与土壤N的淋洗量随施肥量的增加而增加,麦季土壤中NO3^--N肥量的3.7%-12.2%;与纯化肥处理比较,化肥 猪粪处理增加了农田N的淋失,化肥 秸秆处理减少了土壤中N的淋失,与麦田渗漏水相比较,稻田渗漏水除水稻生长早期的部分样品外,NO3^--N和NH4^ -N含量均很低,分别在1mg/kg和0.5mg/kg以下。     

Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand

Abstract. Crops on sandy soils (<5% clay) are exposed to K deficiency due to the small release and high leaching losses of K. Reliable tools are needed to improve the K management in cropping systems with limited K input, such as organic farming where import of nutrients are restricted according to the EC regulations. We investigated K balances and exchangeable K (K_exch) changes in an organic crop rotation experiment. Potassium leaching decreased from 42 kg ha⁻¹ in 1998/99 to 21 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000/01 as an average of a crop rotation (spring barley, grass-clover, winter wheat and pea/barley) with manure application and without catch crops. In the same period, spring K_exch decreased from 5.0 to 3.0 mg K 100 g soil⁻¹ (0–20 cm). The retention of the straw K left in the field after harvest increased with decreasing levels of K_exch. The cereal crops did not respond to K application but in the pea/barley mixture the pea yield increased by 46%. The concordance between measured K balances and changes in K_exch was weak. Exchangeable K is suitable as a tool for K management on a rotational basis, and a K_exch above 3 mg 100 g soil⁻¹ in the autumn should be avoided to minimize K leaching.     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.     

大田土壤间歇入渗试验方法及其精度提高措施

间歇灌,又称波涌灌,这种新的地面节水灌水技术的出现,使土壤入渗规律的研究分为土壤连续入渗规律和间歇入渗规律两方面的研究。间歇入渗条件下,土壤入渗规律除受连续入渗的影响因素制约外,还受构成其特殊灌水过程的灌水技术参数的影响。影响因素的增加,加之野外土壤条件的时、空变异性,决定了间歇入渗试验工作量大,且具有更大的复杂性。为提高成果精度和工作效率,笔者根据1991年冬季和1992年春季在陕西关中宝鸡峡灌区灌溉试验站进行的141组一维土壤连续和间歇单点入渗试验实践,介绍了用双套环入渗仪进行单点间歇入渗试验的方法,提出了提高土壤间歇入渗试验精度的可行措施,可供参考。     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

影响土壤NO-3-N淋失的因素及预防措施

农业生产中的不合理栽培造成的NO3^--N淋失问题不仅大大降低了肥料利用率，增加了生产成本，而且对生态环境民的污染问题也日益严重，从施肥，地面接水量，土壤性质，作物种类及土壤－植物系统的组合特征5个方面扼要概述了近阶段影响土壤NO3－N淋失因素的研究进展，并提出了减少NO3－N淋失，提高肥料利用率的预防措施及对策。     

间歇升温对芒果果实冷害及谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸代谢的影响

紫花芒在冷害温度（２±５）℃下贮藏,经间歇升温处理后,延缓了２种抗氧化指标：还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）、还原型维生素Ｃ（ＡｓＡ）含量下降,这样维持较高水平的内源自由基清除剂较长时间,减慢了氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＳＧ）、氧化型维生素Ｃ（ＤＨＡ）、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和细胞膜透性上升,明显减轻冷害症状,是一种有效的抗冷害措施。     

杉木人工林的养分归还动态

４２年生杉木人工林的年凋落量为３０８３．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，在一年中的５月和１１月出现两次高峰．凋落物中主要营养元素的年归还量为７２．１３８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，其归还量大小顺序为Ｃａ＞Ｎ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｋ＞Ｐ．降水在杉木人工林中引起的养分淋溶也是养分归还的一个重要方面，五种营养元素的年总淋溶量为７１．２８９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，在２月和５月亦出现两次高峰，淋溶量大小顺序为Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ，而Ｎ和Ｐ出现负值，表明两者被林冠层直接吸收．