Multi-attribute evaluation of landscape-level fuel management to reduce wildfire risk

This paper provides an example of the practical application of multi-attribute trade-off analysis (MATA) to wildfire management. The MATA approach supports more informed decision-making because it exposes important trade-offs among competing management objectives (requiring value-based choices), helps guide and structure necessary technical judgements, explicitly represents uncertainty (i.e., not just expected outcomes but risk profiles around outcomes) and addresses temporal trade-offs. MATA promotes critical thinking about what analysis is required for decision-making. A MATA approach can be applied for all types of forest and fire management decisions. In this paper, we provide a sample application of MATA to an evaluation of landscape-level fuel treatments for managing wildfire risk. The study area is located in southeastern British Columbia, Canada where historical fire suppression policies and expanding development in wildland urban interface areas have resulted in an increase in both the probability and the consequences of stand replacement fires. We specify management objectives and develop measurable attributes for fire management costs, timber supply, property damage, landscape-level biodiversity, local air quality and climate change. We then simulate the effects on these attributes of four alternative fuel management strategies that include combinations of mechanical treatments and prescribed burning over a 100-year period. The evaluation illustrates the key features of MATA while highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing the approach.     

日东原油管道高黏油掺混输送工艺

日东原油管道通过使用静态掺混装置实现了高黏油的在线掺混输送,并积累了大量的生产数据和经验。介绍了日东原油管道的掺混工艺、输送油品的物性、掺混界面的移动对运行参数的影响及油品静置对启输的影响。以黏度异常事件为例,对比分析了事件前后管道流量、压力、黏度及水力坡降等重要参数和数据,最终确定高稠油掺入比和部分管段沉积的杂质颗粒黏团为两个关键影响因素。为确保管道的运行安全,避免再次发生黏度异常事件,建议结合生产实际情况,以取样数据为依据,严格控制掺混比例和黏度等运行参数,明确清管频次,进一步优化管道生产运行。研究成果可为管道安全输送掺混油提供技术支持。     

历史街区街道界面景观要素及保护策略研究——以青岛鱼山历史文化街区为例

指出了历史文化街区是人类文明的“活化石”,是人类历史文化遗迹和日常生活的重要空间载体。历史文化街区的街道景观是街道展示景观的主要载体,通过对街道界面景观要素的提取、归纳与总结,得出街道界面景观要素由底界面、侧界面以及顶界面三大核心要素组成,并将其应用到鱼山历史文化街区街道景观内进行了分析研究,提出了一些保护策略。旨在进一步了解历史文化街区街道界面景观要素构成,为历史文化街区景观的保护提供更加清晰的思路。     

From borders to ecotones – Private-public co-management of urban woodland edges bordering private housing

This paper conceptualises and evaluates so-called co-management zones as an approach for user participation in urban forestry, specifically in the management of public woodland edges bordering residential areas. Co-management zones can metaphorically be viewed as ‘ecotone-like’ spaces, i.e. zones where overlapping interest – in this case residents’ and municipal authorities’ – can be used to create richness and meetings rather than boundaries. Building on the perspectives of ecotone thinking and governance arrangements, co-management zones in the Danish residential area of Sletten in Holstebro were evaluated. The presented case study combined interviews with residents and interviews with three key green space professionals who had led the planning, design, establishment and management of the woodland and the implementation of co-management. The resident participation in the co-management zone was also assessed and photo documented in a field survey, categorising individual households according to type and degree of physical signs of participation. Findings illustrate the potential of co-management zones to initiate collaboration between residents and public woodland managers in creating recreationally valuable and varied meetings between private gardens and urban woodlands. Challenges with establishing co-management zones were also highlighted, especially the need for clear guidelines and continuous communication between residents and the municipality. Perspectives and implications related to residents, managers and green space quality are discussed.     

胶州湾大沽河潮滩营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量对盐度变化的响应

2009年3、6、9和12月在胶州湾大沽河河口潮滩采集均长25cm的沉积物柱状样,利用室内培养法,培养柱状样72h。该时间段内的营养盐在水—沉积物界面的平均迁移速度视为营养盐的扩散通量。在培养中,上覆水的盐度,分别被调整到17、22和28。不同盐度水平下,氨氮和磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散通量具有明显的时空异质性;在所测试的盐度范围内,氨氮的扩散通量与盐度的相关性并不显著;而盐度对磷酸盐在沉积物—水界面的扩散具有显著的影响。在6月和9月,所有测试站位中均表现为盐度增加,磷酸盐的扩散速度下降。大沽河径流的衰减会抑制磷酸盐自沉积物向水体释放,从而导致初级生产磷的供应不足。因此,大沽河径流的降低是大沽河潮滩湿地生态功能退化的一个原因。     

Changes in soil and water quality at sediment–water interface of Penaeus vannamei culture pond at varying salinities

The health of the pond environment in shrimp farming is important for sustainable and profitable aquaculture, in which sediment–water interface is the most important influencing area. With this objective, the key parameters of water and sediment at the interface was studied in shrimp ponds with varying salinities and compared with the surface water and soil to understand the variations and the underlying causes. Total ammonia nitrogen and total alkalinity were higher in water at the interface as compared to surface water, whereas pH, nitrite, oxide forms of nitrogen (NO₃), phosphorus (PO₄) and oxidizing bacteria were observed to be lower. There was no significant difference with respect to macrominerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium between water at the interface and surface. These changes are profoundly influenced by the uppermost 1.0‐cm thick sediment layer, where the maximum transition of nutrients takes place with the water column. The outcome of the study highlights the effectiveness of water sampling for metabolites at the interface, which reflects at an early stage any potential deterioration of pond environment, which will help the farmer to initiate timely mitigation measures.     

基于PCIe级联网口的农业监测视频高速传输系统研究

农业监测智慧化需要实时、高效、可靠的视频数据处理和传输方案,为了解决传统基于CPU和GPU架构的系统速率低、实时性差的问题,设计了基于Zynq架构的PCIe级联网口的高速传输系统。针对PCIe接口开发,在硬件层面,优化配置XDMA IP核参数,完成接口的数据收发引擎设计,并基于MIG 7 IP核优化配置了DDR缓存区。在软件层面,基于PCIe驱动,调度VLC软件完成视频数据读取,实现板卡和上位机之间数据的快速收发和流畅播放。针对网口协议栈的实现,利用ARM可编程特性,调度LWIP轻量级协议栈,完成TCP协议的开发,实现了网口的数据快速收发,避免了上位机CPU直接处理网络协议的时延和运算开销。此外调度AXI协议完成PCIe接口和网口的高速连通。在Zynq MZ7030FA平台上传输视频文件对系统进行速率和可靠性实测。结果表明：网口传输速率达800 Mb/s,基本实现了千兆以太网;PCIe接口的最高传输速率达816 MB/s,逼近硬件PCIe 2.0 x2的最高速率,且整个系统在应用层上实现了可靠传输。本文的研究为农业监测视频传输应用提供了高效可靠的解决方案,且系统具有较好的扩展性和推广性...     

Exploring drivers of the usage of anticoagulant rodenticides on UK farms

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are considered inhumane, show increasingly limited efficacy due to acquired resistance, and carry environmental consequences associated with non-target species uptake. In a questionnaire study of 499 UK farms that all deployed chemical rodenticide we found a high mean reliance (79%), on second generation ARs with just over half of the respondents using no other rodent control methods. Additional methods where deployed, alone or in combination, included predation (41%), kill-trap deployment (16%) and shooting (1%). Nearly 40% of all respondents deployed rodenticides year-round. There was no evidence to suggest that “tidy-farm” measures, such as clearing food spills and minimising on-farm rodent harbourage sites aimed at minimising rodent-associated problems, were associated with a lower likelihood of year-round deployment; in fact trends in our analyses suggested the opposite. We therefore encourage operators to fully evaluate the true necessity of rodenticide deployment before AR use.     

土壤水分再分布特性研究进展

在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分的再分布对生态环境、农业发展有着重要的影响,是自然界中水循环的重要过程之一,是土壤墒情的自我调节过程,是土壤水在势力梯度作用下的非饱和运动.在国内外学者多年研究工作的基础上,分别从物理角度和生物角度对土壤水分再分布的基本理论和模型进行了归纳总结.从物理角度分别以耕作措施、雨强、灌水方式、土壤初始含水率等因素对土壤水分再分布过程的影响进行了研究,并归纳了基于土壤水分特征曲线及其滞后作用、土壤水分运动通量法、土壤水分运动基本方程等的数学模型.从生物角度对土壤水分再分布的生态功能及影响因素进行了总结:研究发现土壤水分的再分布作用可以有效地调节根系层土壤水分状况、丰富群落结构,提升土壤养分、增加根层土壤微生物;植物根系在对根层水分进行调节的过程中又会因土壤水分、植物种类和土壤特性的不同而发生变化.通过对前人研究成果的总结,理清研究现状,以期为理论的进一步研究提出建设性意见.     

三种主养草鱼池塘沉积物-水界面碳通量的研究

为了探讨环境因子和底栖配养生物对碳通量的影响,采用实验室培养方法,测定并比较了不同混养模式下沉积物-水界面各形态碳的通量,监测了8月沉积物-水界面上覆水中各形态碳含量的昼夜变化。3种主养草鱼池塘的养殖模式为草鱼、鲢和鳙混养(GSB),草鱼、鲢、鳙和凡纳滨对虾混养(GSBL),草鱼、鲢、鳙和鲤混养(GSBC)。主要实验结果如下:(1)在养殖周期内,3种混养模式沉积物-水界面可溶性无机碳(DIC)通量范围为0.65~16.90 mg/(m²·d),可溶性有机碳(DOC)通量范围为0.16~13.49 mg/(m²·d),颗粒性有机碳(POC)通量范围为-2.29~3.32 mg/(m²·d);GSB和GSBC模式各形态碳通量均以8月最高,GSBL模式则以7月最高。(2)在养殖周期内,3种混养模式沉积物对DIC和DOC均表现为释放,而对POC在4-6月以吸收为主,其余时间表现为释放。(3)在养殖的中后期,3种混养模式的DIC、DOC和POC通量存在一定差异。其中,GSBL和GSBC模式中各形态碳通量值显著高于GSB模式(P<0.05)。(4)8月上覆水中DIC和DOC的含量在4:00达到最大值,POC含量则表现为GSBL模式在4:00达到最大值,12:00达到最小值,而GSBC模式在4:00达到最小值,12:00达到最大值。(5)各形态碳通量的变化与上覆水中的DO、pH呈显著负相关关系,而与水温呈显著正相关关系。