东北春玉米连作体系中土壤氮矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡

通过2年田间试验,在2种肥力、3种氮肥施用水平(不施氮N0,中量施氮N1,高量施氮N2)下,研究了吉林省春玉米连作体系中土壤氮素的矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡,并比较了种植不同玉米品种的效应。结果表明,德惠高肥力土壤中氮素两季总矿化量为203 kg/hm2,是新立城低肥力土壤的2.7倍。中量氮(N1)处理,2试验点2年土壤累计的氮素残留量为103～112 kg/hm2,对环境威胁较小;高量氮(N2)处理,新立城低肥力条件下土壤的氮素残留量为174 kg/hm2,且有下移趋势,而在德惠高肥力条件下,土壤的氮素残留量仅为107 kg/hm2。在新立城低肥力土壤上,施氮量在氮素输入项中起主要作用,在氮素输出项中,作物携出量并不随输入量的增加而有显著的变化,从而导致氮素盈余随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。氮盈余主要以残留Nm in积累在土壤剖面中,变幅为34.0%～88.4%。在德惠高肥力土壤上,土壤矿化氮在2个施氮处理中分别占氮素输入的28.3%和36.5%,在氮素输出中,氮肥表观损失量显著高于新立城,且氮盈余中以表观损失为主,变幅为54.3%～70.8%,平均为65.5%。两个试验点的氮素表观损失可能主要是由生物固持作用引起的肥料氮向土壤氮的转换。不同玉米品种对氮素矿化和表观利用率有一定的影响,在优化施肥中应加以考虑。     

生物有机肥对连作马铃薯及土壤生化性状的影响

生物有机肥是一种集有益微生物和有机肥优点为一体的新型肥料,能更好地让有益微生物在土壤中定植和生长。本研究针对马铃薯连作障碍问题,探索几种生物有机肥对马铃薯连作土壤生物性状、产量及品质的影响。试验以威芋5号原种为材料,在同等化肥用量的基础上,增施等量不同品种的生物有机肥,测定其出苗率、农艺性状、产量及品质、土壤生物性状等。结果表明:施用生物有机肥对马铃薯的农艺性状、出苗率、土壤养分及微生物群落结构、产量以及薯块品质均有改善作用。其中GZ-I处理增产效果最明显,增产率为52.26%,并且GZ-I处理可以明显地提高细菌与真菌的比值(B/F),其B/F较对照提高5.67倍。GZ-III处理提质效果最明显,马铃薯薯块中淀粉、还原性糖以及Vc含量最高,分别较对照提高0.68倍、1.64倍、0.41倍。施用不同生物有机肥均可提高马铃薯土壤的养分含量,改善土壤肥力水平,其中GZ-III处理的改土效果最明显,可以明显增加土壤中的有效养分含量。因此,生物有机肥可以提高连作区马铃薯的产量和品质,并对土壤有明显的改良作用,其中GZ-I处理的增产效果最好,GZ-III处理的提质和改土效果最好。     

水稻氮磷肥料减施途径研究

通过大田双季稻轮作试验,研究了在农民习惯施肥的基础上,不同减少氮磷肥料用量的施肥措施对水稻生长、产量的影响。减施氮肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减施20%氮肥的条件下,施用缓释肥料(80R)产量最高,比传统不减少施氮处理(CFN)增产0.4%,比等养分量纯化肥处理(80F)增产6.0%;用有机肥和化肥配施的处理(30F+50M)比80F增产1.9%;绿肥和化肥配施的处理(50F+30A)比80F显著减产7.2%(P<0.05)。因此,施缓释肥料或用有机肥和化肥配施均能提高产量,减少氮肥施用量。减施磷肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减少施磷20%的处理均没有减产,说明在本地区减少施磷20%,具有一定的可行性。     

紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节不同种植模式下N P流失模型

为了解长江上游紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节N、P的流失特征,以长江上游紫色土丘陵区4种典型种植模式为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析和模型模拟相结合的方法,于2008年11月1日至12月31日研究了耕作季节后不同种植模式在每次降雨后的N、P流失特征及不完全混合模型的综合应用效果。结果表明,非耕作季节,紫色农耕地均表现出较大的N、P流失量,最大分别达到（0.491±0.079）kg·hm-2和（12.604±13.173）×10-3kg·hm-2。N的流失量均大于P的流失量,并且N、P主要通过地表径流流失。不同种植模式间N、P流失量有较大的差异,其中生姜种植模式的N、P流失量最大,大豆种植模式最小。不完全混合模型可很好应用于研究区域农耕地N、P流失。模型的有效系数均达到0.6以上,其中模拟N流失的有效系数高达0.958。这表明,非耕作季节农耕地N、P流失是区域农业面源污染的重要来源,不完全混合模型可成为该区域N、P流失预报和面源污染控制的重要手段。     

加工番茄连作对土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄土壤理化性状、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着连作年限的延长,土壤p H升高,全磷、速效磷及全钾含量呈先升后降的趋势,土壤容重无明显变化。连作7 a时土壤有机质、全氮及速效钾含量较对照分别下降了8%、21%和29%(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商(q MB)呈显著下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低了52.3%、78.8%和48.2%(p0.01);微生物量磷(SMBP)呈先升后降趋势,连作3a时,SMBP含量达到最大值,是对照的1.65倍(p0.01)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著升高趋势,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶及磷酸酶活性的变化则相反。连作导致加工番茄产量显著下降,连作7 a时产量下降达34%(p0.01)。相关分析表明,p H、微生物量、q MB、酶活性及养分之间相关性极为密切,说明土壤微生物量和酶活性相结合,可以反映土壤质量的变化。加工番茄连作导致土壤p H和电导率升高,显著抑制了土壤微生物活性,降低了土壤肥力,最终造成产量下降,连作障碍明显。     

Tillage and cropping sequence impacts on nitrogen cycling in dryland farming in eastern Montana, USA

Information on N cycling in dryland crops and soils as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence is needed to quantify soil N sequestration, mineralization, and N balance to reduce N fertilization rate and N losses through soil processes. The 21-yr effects of the combinations of tillage and cropping sequences was evaluated on dryland crop grain and biomass (stems + leaves) N, soil surface residue N, soil N fractions, and N balance at the 0–20 cm depth in Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were no-tilled continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall- and spring-tilled continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall- and spring-tilled spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1984–1999) followed by spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000–2004) (FSTW-B/P), and spring-tilled spring wheat–fallow (STW-F). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH₄-N, and NO₃-N. Annualized crop grain and biomass N varied with treatments and years and mean grain and biomass N from 1984 to 2004 were 14.3–21.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW-B/P than in STW-F. Soil surface residue N was 9.1–15.2 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F in 2004. The STN at 0–20 cm was 0.39–0.96 Mg N ha⁻¹, PON 0.10–0.30 Mg N ha⁻¹, and PNM 4.6–9.4 kg N ha⁻¹ greater in other treatments than in STW-F. At 0–5 cm, STN, PON, and MBN were greater in STCW than in FSTW-B/P and STW-F. At 5–20 cm, STN and PON were greater in NTCW and STCW than in STW-F, PNM and MBN were greater in STCW than in NTCW and STW-F, and NO₃-N was greater in FSTW-B/P than in NTCW and FSTCW. Estimated N loss through leaching, volatilization, or denitrification at 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing tillage frequency or greater with fallow than with continuous cropping and ranged from 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in NTCW to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in STW-F. Long-term no-till or spring till with continuous cropping increased dryland crop grain and biomass N, soil surface residue N, N storage, and potential N mineralization, and reduced N loss compared with the conventional system, such as STW-F, at the surface 20 cm layer. Greater tillage frequency, followed by pea inclusion in the last 5 out of 21 yr in FSTW-B/P, however, increased N availability at the subsurface layer in 2004.     

菊花不同部位及根际土壤水浸液处理对光合作用的自毒作用研究

菊花[Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat)Tzvel.]的自毒作用是菊花连作障碍发生机理研究的重要内容之一.本文研究了连作障碍比较明显的菊花栽培种"高压太子"不同部位(枯落物、叶、茎和根系)及根际土壤水浸液处理对盆栽同种菊花光合作用的影响,结果表明:不同部位和根际土壤水浸液处理对叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度均表现出抑制趋势,而暗呼吸速率却受到促进,尤以地上部水浸液的抑制作用为显著.说明降低自身叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度,即抑制自身的光合作用,同时促进自身暗呼吸是菊花自毒作用的机制之一.     

连作植烟土壤具有显著积累特征的两种酚酸的化感效应评价

为科学评价连作植烟土壤中具有显著积累特征的两种酚酸的化感效应,丰富现有连作障碍机理,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,基于前期田间实测结果设置不同浓度梯度(间苯三酚:0.20、1.00、5.00 mg·kg^-1,对羟基苯甲酸0.02、0.10、0.50 mg·kg^-1)进行盆栽试验。结果表明,两种酚酸物质均显著抑制了烤烟种子萌发。间苯三酚抑制了幼苗根系的生长,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;对羟基苯甲酸对幼苗根系生长的影响表现出"低促高抑"的浓度效应。随着间苯三酚浓度的增加,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈上升趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈下降趋势;随着对羟基苯甲酸浓度的增加,叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈先升后降趋势。此外,两种酚酸物质均降低了烤烟幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量。随着处理时间的延长,胁迫作用趋势相同。由此可知,间苯三酚和对羟基苯甲酸不同程度地抑制了烤烟幼苗的生长,且存在浓度效应。间苯三酚表现为抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越强;对羟基苯甲酸浓度≤0.10 mg·kg^-1时...     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

Manure and Fertilizer Application Effects on Aggregate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon in a Loamy Soil under Rice-Wheat System

The study was conducted to investigate the aggregate stability and distribution of organic carbon (C) in different-sized aggregates and mineral fractions in a loamy soil under rice-wheat system with continuous application of fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), farmyard manure (FYM), N+FYM and NPK+FYM, compared with unfertilized control. Macro-aggregates comprised 37.1–49.3% of the total water-stable aggregates (WSAs), compared with 23.3–30.3% as micro-aggregates. Application of inorganic fertilizers and FYM significantly increased the proportion of macro-aggregates, which were linearly related to total organic C (TOC). Organic C concentration in coarse macro-aggregates (CMacA) was higher than the micro-aggregates (CMicA). Application of FYM significantly increased the concentration of organic C in different-sized aggregates and mineral fraction, compared with the unfertilized control. Averaged across treatments, mineral-associated C comprised 26% of TOC. Macro-aggregates, on an average, constituted 66–68% of C preservation capacity of WSA. The amount of TOC sequestered was higher when NPK+FYM was applied together.