盐城农区甜菜夜蛾的灾变规律与监控新技术研究

从发生世代与年生活史、适生寄主与嗜好程度、暴发频率与为害程度、发生特点与区域分布、生物学特性与生活习性等角度综合分析了盐城农区甜菜夜蛾的灾变规律;研究总结出外来虫源是造成暴发的主要因素之一,种植结构调整有利于该虫的暴发,夏季干旱少雨为暴发创造了气候条件,频繁使用农药导致该虫的抗药性增加,田间管理粗放营造了暴发的环境条件等影响甜菜夜蛾发生消长的主要因素;提出以搞好农业防治为基础,加强预测预报为前提,狠抓化学防治为重点,利用性诱剂、灯光诱杀、人工捕捉为辅助手段,应用“主攻3代,压前控后”的防治策略等本农区甜菜夜蛾监控新技术。     

烟-稻复种连作对红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

红壤性水稻土面临土壤结构退化、土壤养分失衡和酸化等土壤质量问题,制约农业生产和农民增收。本文以南方红壤丘陵区植烟的红壤性水稻土为对象,采用时空替代法、相关及冗余分析等技术方法,研究了烟-稻复种连作(YDLZ)对红壤性水稻土团聚体及其稳定性变化的影响及其关键影响因素。YDLZ后的红壤性水稻土>5 mm团聚体含量、土壤团聚体重量平均直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著降低,<0.25 mm团聚体含量和分形维数(D)则显著升高,土壤团聚体稳定性降低;且以YDLZ 5～10年(YDLZ5～10)对土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性影响最大。相关及冗余分析表明,土壤有机质和粘粒含量是引起团聚体分布的关键指标;>5 mm和<0.25 mm的团聚体含量是引起团聚体稳定性变化的关键指标。烟-稻复种连作引起红壤性水稻土有机质和粘粒含量变化,主要导致>5 mm团聚体含量的减少,<0.25 mm团聚体含量增加,从而土壤团聚体稳定性降低。针对YDLZ的红壤性水稻土结构培育和土壤质量保育,需关注土壤有机质及粘粒含量的变化。     

连作对马铃薯酚酸类自毒物质及根际真菌群落的影响

为研究连作对马铃薯根际土壤中酚酸类自毒物质及真菌群落的影响,通过收集不同连作季(1季、3季、5季)马铃薯根际土壤,利用高效液相色谱法测定酚酸类物质及Illumina高通量测序技术测定真菌ITS序列,结果表明:(1)连作土壤中检测出丁香酸、香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸,连作增强后,pH不断下降,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸含量不...     

Effects of Shading on Chlorophyll Content,Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis of Subterranean Clover

A field‐experiment (2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons) was conducted in the coastal plain of south‐eastern Sicily (37°03′N, 15°18′E, 15 m a.s.l.), on a Calcixerollic Xerochrepts soil, aimed at quantifying the effect of shading on chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl fluorescence, photosynthesis and growth of subterranean clover. Four levels of photosynthetically active radiation reduction (from 0 % to 90 %) were tested on Trifolium brachycalycinum cv. ‘Clare’ and Trifolium subterraneum ecotype ‘Ragalna’. In both species shading progressively increased F_v/F_m, internal CO₂ concentration, diffusive leaf resistance and specific leaf area (up to 8 %, 34 %, 18 % and 68 %, respectively), and decreased Chl content, T_max, photosynthetic rate and plant dry weight (up to 9 %, 24 %, 79 % and 39 %, respectively). As plants aged, characteristic bell‐shaped trends were evident for photosynthetic parameters, with F_v/F_m increasing up until the onset of flowering, and thereafter declining. This implies that F_v/F_m may be a useful indicator of earliness in subterranean clover genotypes. The aboveground dry biomass response to shading was both genotype‐ and season‐dependent, but was predictable from the measurement of relative leaf Chl content. Moreover, our results suggest that an improvement in the interaction between host‐rhizobium may represent a major potential breeding target for enhancing subterranean clover tolerance to shading.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of a Mediterranean cyprinid

Factors shaping individual behavior remain poorly understood for European cyprinids. We examined the effects of extrinsic (temperature and year) and intrinsic factors (body size and shoal size) on the daily activity of chub Squalius torgalensis, a critically endangered cyprinid found in the Torgal stream, Portugal. We quantified chub behaviors while snorkeling, using instantaneous sampling of focal individuals, in spring 2009 and 2010. We used Principal Component Analysis to describe individual behavior and assessed competing models relating individual behavior to explanatory variables using Akaike's Information Criterion. Year had a strong influence on chub behavior, with individuals spending more time drift foraging and orienting in 2009, whereas in 2010 they spent more time benthic foraging and cruising. Shoal size did not influence behaviors in 2009, but in 2010 individuals in small shoals foraged benthically and searched with greater frequency than those in large shoals. Individuals increased cruising and decreased searching as they grew in length, but the opposite trend was observed as temperature increased. Our results indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of chub, with individual behaviors varying between years, and depending upon shoal size, body size and temperature. This suggests that chub display high levels of individual behavioral flexibility, which may be important for fish inhabiting harsh and highly variable Mediterranean streams. Conservation efforts for this species will benefit by integrating behavioral information into management strategies.     

连作晚稻三化螟为害损失与防治指标研究

三化螟幼虫在晚梗稻分蘖、圆秆、孕穗、破口期均能侵入,所形成的为害株数、为害类型和幼虫存活率与生育期有密切关系,为害丛、株增长呈S型曲线。分蘖期、孕穗—破口期引起丛、株为害率和损失率与卵块密度显著相关,每个卵块损失稻谷分别为59.11±2.99g、74.58±3.31g。考种结果表明,产量损失的主要原因是有效穗减少。在现有生产条件下,三化螟经济允许卵块密度为:分蘖期130—150块/666.7m~2,孕穗—破口期100—120块/666.7m~2;防治指标:分蘖期100—110块/666.7m~2,为害团50—60个/666.7m~2,丛为害率2.0％—3.0％,株为害率1.0％—1.5％。     

论乡村林业──中国乡村林业经营模式及其实施措施

乡村林业从它的生产场地和生产内容上看，是当前在中国农村兴起的庭园经济林的同义语，是农村建设的“绿色致富”工程．乡村林业的实施采用立地经营模式，因地制宜，建立商品基地；大力发展产品加工业，提高经济效益；建设好社会化服务体系，推进乡村林业依靠科技进步，向前发展。     

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物区系的影响Ⅰ——基于可培养微生物种群的数量分析

利用平板培养法对黄瓜连作根系微生物种群连续性变化进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,黄瓜连作导致土壤可培养微生物数量减少,其中细菌数量降低最为明显,对连作表现出较高的敏感性,根际根外细菌数目减幅分别在第三、四茬时达显著水平。放线菌数量对黄瓜连作反应较小,根际到第四茬减幅才达到了显著水平,而根外在连作四茬过程中均未达显著水平。黄瓜连作致使少数真菌种群富集,同时多种真菌类群数量减少,种群变化呈现单一化趋势。根际土壤微生物主要生理群分析表明,连作导致根际自生固氮菌与好气性纤维素分解菌数目明显下降,硝化细菌数量大幅增加,而氨化细菌数量变化不大。土壤酶活性测定结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作茬次增加而降低,脲酶活性稍有上升。     

不同复种方式下作物的粗蛋白和可消化干物质总产量比较

在南京对6种不同复种方式下作物的营养物质产量进行了比较研究,结果表明:多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量分别是小麦Triticum eastivum的1.45倍和1.26倍;杂交狼尾草Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量平均值分别是水稻Oryza sativa的2.06倍和1.61倍;6种复种方式中,粗蛋白总产量和可消化干物质总产量以多花黑麦草-杂交狼尾草为最高,黑麦Secale cereal-杂交狼尾草其次.集约农区发展草食性畜禽养殖业以二季均种植牧草效率较高.     

Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.