不同有机酸对大豆生长的化感效应

试验采用发芽试验、水培试验及室内分析相结合的方法研究了经GC－MS检测出的大豆根系分泌物和根茬腐解液中的几种有机酸对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的化感效应。结果表明：3－硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3，4－二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸等四种有机酸均抑制了大豆种子的萌发，表现在萌发率、胚根长和 胚根干重与对照相比均有所降低，差异达显著或极显著水平，而且有机酸浓度不同，抑制程度也有所差别；3－硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3，4－二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸等五种有机酸不同程度地抑制了水培大豆幼苗的生长发育，表现在株高、干物质重、相对生长速率等均低于对照，差异达显著或极显著水平，且随着有机酸浓度的增加，抑制作用增强。     

水稻苗床地复种大豆品种筛选试验

水稻苗床地种植大豆,品种选择是关键。试验通过对14个大豆品种(系)进行田间调查、室内考种和产量鉴定筛选出适宜佳木斯地区水稻苗床地不同播期种植的大豆品种。结果表明,6月1～5日苗床复种可种植:安01-1233、安02-348、丰收25、垦丰11等;6月6～10日苗床复种可种植:丰收27、北豆10、北03-96等;6月11～15日苗床复种可种植:合丰42、合丰37等。     

马铃薯与玉米复合种植对土壤化感物质及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为探究马铃薯与玉米复合种植对化感物质积累与细菌群落结构的影响,分析轮作、间作缓解连作障碍的机制,本研究以马铃薯连作、玉米连作、马铃薯||玉米间作、马铃薯-玉米轮作第8年的土壤为对象,利用GC-MS测定土壤中化感物质含量,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16Sr DNA V4-V5区域进行测序,分析土壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的变化,并对化感物质和优势菌属进行相关性分析。结果表明:玉米连作和马铃薯连作会导致化感物质的积累,玉米连作土壤积累了更多的油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、木焦油酸等脂肪酸,马铃薯连作土壤积累了更多的硬脂醇、二十烷醇等脂肪醇类物质。轮作降低了大部分化感物质的积累,间作降低的化感物质种类相对轮作较少。不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,相对于连作,间作和轮作Ace指数和Chao指数显著升高。在门水平上,轮作土壤放线菌丰度显著高于马铃薯连作土壤,间作土壤拟杆菌门丰度显著低于玉米连作土壤,两种连作土壤中酸杆菌门丰度都较轮作显著升高。在属水平上,一些有益细菌如节杆菌属、溶杆菌属等在复合种植土壤中相对丰度更高。通过相关性分析发现土微菌属、小梨形菌属与脂肪醇类物质呈显著正相关,黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属、微杆菌属等与脂肪酸类物质呈显著负相关。马铃薯与玉米复合种植降低了化感物质在土壤中的积累,从而抑制了土壤细菌丰度的降低,提高了有益菌属丰度,消减了连作障碍。     

残塬沟壑区果园复合种植对土壤动物群落特征的影响

为了解苹果复合种植即果-蔬[MB]、果-草[MH]、果-荒[MW]、果-粮[MZ]模式下土壤动物群落结构特征,采用手拣法和改良干、湿生漏斗法,对黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园4种复合种植模式下的土壤动物群落组成及特征进行调查研究。4种模式下共分离得到土壤动物57.33百只/m~2,隶属4门11纲23目42个类群。4种复合种植模式下土壤动物个体密度和类群数的垂直分布特征表现出明显的表聚特征,水平分布特征表现为果-草[MH]果-蔬[MB]果-荒[MW]≥果-粮[MZ]。果-草[MH]复合种植模式下土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数最高,优势度指数最低,表明4种复合种植模式对果园土壤动物类群多样性的影响呈现不同的特征。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区苹果果园生物多样性保护提供土壤动物生态学依据。     

盐城农区甜菜夜蛾的灾变规律与监控新技术研究

从发生世代与年生活史、适生寄主与嗜好程度、暴发频率与为害程度、发生特点与区域分布、生物学特性与生活习性等角度综合分析了盐城农区甜菜夜蛾的灾变规律;研究总结出外来虫源是造成暴发的主要因素之一,种植结构调整有利于该虫的暴发,夏季干旱少雨为暴发创造了气候条件,频繁使用农药导致该虫的抗药性增加,田间管理粗放营造了暴发的环境条件等影响甜菜夜蛾发生消长的主要因素;提出以搞好农业防治为基础,加强预测预报为前提,狠抓化学防治为重点,利用性诱剂、灯光诱杀、人工捕捉为辅助手段,应用“主攻3代,压前控后”的防治策略等本农区甜菜夜蛾监控新技术。     

烟-稻复种连作对红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

红壤性水稻土面临土壤结构退化、土壤养分失衡和酸化等土壤质量问题,制约农业生产和农民增收。本文以南方红壤丘陵区植烟的红壤性水稻土为对象,采用时空替代法、相关及冗余分析等技术方法,研究了烟-稻复种连作(YDLZ)对红壤性水稻土团聚体及其稳定性变化的影响及其关键影响因素。YDLZ后的红壤性水稻土>5 mm团聚体含量、土壤团聚体重量平均直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著降低,<0.25 mm团聚体含量和分形维数(D)则显著升高,土壤团聚体稳定性降低;且以YDLZ 5～10年(YDLZ5～10)对土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性影响最大。相关及冗余分析表明,土壤有机质和粘粒含量是引起团聚体分布的关键指标;>5 mm和<0.25 mm的团聚体含量是引起团聚体稳定性变化的关键指标。烟-稻复种连作引起红壤性水稻土有机质和粘粒含量变化,主要导致>5 mm团聚体含量的减少,<0.25 mm团聚体含量增加,从而土壤团聚体稳定性降低。针对YDLZ的红壤性水稻土结构培育和土壤质量保育,需关注土壤有机质及粘粒含量的变化。     

连作对马铃薯酚酸类自毒物质及根际真菌群落的影响

为研究连作对马铃薯根际土壤中酚酸类自毒物质及真菌群落的影响,通过收集不同连作季(1季、3季、5季)马铃薯根际土壤,利用高效液相色谱法测定酚酸类物质及Illumina高通量测序技术测定真菌ITS序列,结果表明:(1)连作土壤中检测出丁香酸、香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸,连作增强后,pH不断下降,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸含量不...     

Effects of Shading on Chlorophyll Content,Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis of Subterranean Clover

A field‐experiment (2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons) was conducted in the coastal plain of south‐eastern Sicily (37°03′N, 15°18′E, 15 m a.s.l.), on a Calcixerollic Xerochrepts soil, aimed at quantifying the effect of shading on chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl fluorescence, photosynthesis and growth of subterranean clover. Four levels of photosynthetically active radiation reduction (from 0 % to 90 %) were tested on Trifolium brachycalycinum cv. ‘Clare’ and Trifolium subterraneum ecotype ‘Ragalna’. In both species shading progressively increased F_v/F_m, internal CO₂ concentration, diffusive leaf resistance and specific leaf area (up to 8 %, 34 %, 18 % and 68 %, respectively), and decreased Chl content, T_max, photosynthetic rate and plant dry weight (up to 9 %, 24 %, 79 % and 39 %, respectively). As plants aged, characteristic bell‐shaped trends were evident for photosynthetic parameters, with F_v/F_m increasing up until the onset of flowering, and thereafter declining. This implies that F_v/F_m may be a useful indicator of earliness in subterranean clover genotypes. The aboveground dry biomass response to shading was both genotype‐ and season‐dependent, but was predictable from the measurement of relative leaf Chl content. Moreover, our results suggest that an improvement in the interaction between host‐rhizobium may represent a major potential breeding target for enhancing subterranean clover tolerance to shading.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of a Mediterranean cyprinid

Factors shaping individual behavior remain poorly understood for European cyprinids. We examined the effects of extrinsic (temperature and year) and intrinsic factors (body size and shoal size) on the daily activity of chub Squalius torgalensis, a critically endangered cyprinid found in the Torgal stream, Portugal. We quantified chub behaviors while snorkeling, using instantaneous sampling of focal individuals, in spring 2009 and 2010. We used Principal Component Analysis to describe individual behavior and assessed competing models relating individual behavior to explanatory variables using Akaike's Information Criterion. Year had a strong influence on chub behavior, with individuals spending more time drift foraging and orienting in 2009, whereas in 2010 they spent more time benthic foraging and cruising. Shoal size did not influence behaviors in 2009, but in 2010 individuals in small shoals foraged benthically and searched with greater frequency than those in large shoals. Individuals increased cruising and decreased searching as they grew in length, but the opposite trend was observed as temperature increased. Our results indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of chub, with individual behaviors varying between years, and depending upon shoal size, body size and temperature. This suggests that chub display high levels of individual behavioral flexibility, which may be important for fish inhabiting harsh and highly variable Mediterranean streams. Conservation efforts for this species will benefit by integrating behavioral information into management strategies.     

连作晚稻三化螟为害损失与防治指标研究

三化螟幼虫在晚梗稻分蘖、圆秆、孕穗、破口期均能侵入,所形成的为害株数、为害类型和幼虫存活率与生育期有密切关系,为害丛、株增长呈S型曲线。分蘖期、孕穗—破口期引起丛、株为害率和损失率与卵块密度显著相关,每个卵块损失稻谷分别为59.11±2.99g、74.58±3.31g。考种结果表明,产量损失的主要原因是有效穗减少。在现有生产条件下,三化螟经济允许卵块密度为:分蘖期130—150块/666.7m~2,孕穗—破口期100—120块/666.7m~2;防治指标:分蘖期100—110块/666.7m~2,为害团50—60个/666.7m~2,丛为害率2.0％—3.0％,株为害率1.0％—1.5％。