Sampling Investigation on Inhatitant Domestic Tap Water Consumption Situation and It’s Characteristics Analysis

Economics.Through sampling investigation and analysis on inhabitant domestic tap water consumption situation,it is given that economic factors are the main factors influence inhatitant's water consumption.The functional relations among inhabitant's income and water consumption,water price and consumption are given. The tap water's income elasticity of demand and price elasticity of demand is analyzed, along with the fluctuating range month by month of inhabitant's water consumption.Finally ,this paper offers the reference data for planning the ability of water supply and making policies of ladder water prices.     

Approach to Effective Control on the Project Investment

In this paper, in allusion to the three kinds of serious overvaluation (the budgetary estimate of project construction exceeds the rough estimate, the budget exceeds the budgetary estimate and the final accounts exceed the budget) causing uncontrollable project investment often appeared in domestic project construction,the main causes for that are analyzed. That is, the frequent project change and the malpractice of the cost managing system. In this paper, according to some real projects,the kinds and causes of project change are clarified and the malpractice of the cost managing system is analyzed. The effective approaches of reducing the project change, especially the united surveying and improving the cost managing system in order to make the effective control of the project investment are realized.     

不同颜色粘虫板对葡萄园昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选出对葡萄害虫诱集效果好的粘虫板,选用黄色、蓝色、白色、紫色、绿色、红色、黑色和荧光色8种颜色的粘虫板对葡萄园内昆虫进行诱集试验。结果表明,共诱到昆虫7目18科22种,主要害虫有蓟马、蚜虫和叶蝉,其中蓟马数量占到昆虫总量的88.96%,天敌昆虫主要有寄生蜂、捕食性瓢虫、食蚜蝇和东亚小花蝽。紫板、蓝板和白板对蓟马的诱集效果强,黄板、荧光板和绿板次之,红板和黑板效果差;黄板对蚜虫诱集效果强,绿板和荧光板次之,黄板与其他色板之间差异显著;黄板、荧光板和绿板对叶蝉的诱集效果好,3种色板与蓝板之间差异不显著、与其他色板差异显著。白板、蓝板和黄板诱集到的天敌数量最多,占所有颜色粘虫板诱集天敌总量的69%左右。试验期间诱集到的昆虫益害比为0.036,各色板的益害比依次为黑色>荧光色>绿色>红色>黄色>白色>蓝色>紫色,其中紫板的益害比最低,仅为0.011。结合各色板的诱虫效果和益害比进行综合分析,建议选用紫板对蓟马进行诱杀,适时适量选择性使用黄板对蚜虫、叶蝉等进行诱杀。     

大数据时代山东农业病虫害监测预警体系建设

在大数据时代,海量的数据资源是推动经济发展和社会进步的基石,丰富、透明、完善的农业大数据资源是加快农业信息化建设步伐的前提,先进、有序、完备的农业病虫害监测预警体系是服务绿色农业发展的支撑。该研究试图在研究国内外农业病虫害监测预警体系的基础上,在农业专家的指导下,进行大数据时代农业病虫害监测预警体系构建。山东农业病虫害监测预警体系的建设应主动适应大数据时代的发展需求,分步构建病虫害监测预警体系,分层划分病虫害数据中心工作,合理布局病虫害数据采集站点,科学制定病虫害监测预警任务,共建共享病虫害监测数据信息,有效加强病虫害联合监测预警,努力研发病虫害智能识别终端,为发展现代高效农业提供坚实的保障。     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of the acute and chronic toxicology of diflubenzuron,hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron against II instar desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The acute and chronic toxicities of three benzoylphenyl ureas, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron were assessed under laboratory conditions against two-day-old second (II) instar Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (ForskÅl) nymphs. Following exposure by ingestion of a single precise dose applied to short pieces of spring barley, nymphs were monitored for two moults until the fourth (IV) instar. Analysis of acute response data gave three significantly different LD₅₀ statistics (P < 0·05), 68·0, 26·6 and 0·71 μg per nymph respectively for diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron. The probit regression slopes also differed significantly, indicating distinct tolerance distributions for the three compounds, the narrowest response being to diflubenzuron and the widest range of response being to teflubenzuron. The timing of death was found to vary between the compounds; most nymphs died during the first moult following treatment with either hexaflumuron or teflubenzuron. However, the majority of nymphs that died after exposure to diflubenzuron did so after completing the first moult after treatment, but before the second. The mean development times of nymphs during the II and especially third (III) instars were significantly longer (P < 0·05) than those of the controls following exposure to diflubenzuron and hexaflumuron. Teflubenzuron had no significant effect (P < 0·05) on the duration of the II instar. The potential of the three compounds to control S. gregaria populations in the field is discussed with particular reference to the timing and nature of acute and chronic responses.     

Presence of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus and in Epithelial Tissue Culture Cells of Chironomus tentans

A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has been demonstrated and partially characterized in larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Its properties are compared with mAChR from an epithelial cell line from the dipteran insect Chironomus tentans. Competition studies with cholinergic ligands of different specificity revealed the muscarinic nature of the cholinergic receptors investigated in both species. In homogenates from tick larvae, specific binding sites for [³H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) with high affinity (1·2±(0·13) nM ; B_max 22·5 pmol mg protein⁻¹) were detected that do not bind nicotinic compounds specifically. The estimated IC₅₀ values for nicotine, imidacloprid and α-bungarotoxin were all in the mM range. Additionally, with tick larvae, high-affinity nicotinic binding sites were detected with [³H]nicotine which could be displaced by high concentrations of imidacloprid or QNB. The estimated IC₅₀ values for nicotine, α-bungarotoxin, imidacloprid and QNB were 43(±8) nM , 0·8(±0·2) μM , 2·8(±0·6) μM and 78(±1·9) μM , respectively. With homogenates of the non-neuronal insect cell line from C. tentans, only high-affinity binding sites for [³H]QNB were found. Muscarinic antagonists selectively displaced [³H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding to tick larvae homogenates. The mAChR of B. microplus preferred pirenzepine (IC₅₀ 2·13(±1·02) μM ) among different subtype-specific mAChR antagonists (4-DAMP had IC₅₀ 49·9(±9·13) μM and methoctramine had IC₅₀ 121(±14·2) μM ) indicating a type of binding site similar to the vertebrate M1 mAChR subtype. The tick muscarinic receptor seems to be a G-protein-coupled receptor, as concluded from the 4·8-fold reduction in receptor affinity for binding of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine M upon treatment with the non-hydrolysable GTP-analogue γ-S-GTP. Binding data for the agonists oxotremorine M (IC₅₀ 71·3(±19·6) μM ) and carbachol (IC₅₀ 253(±87·1) μM ) parallel the biological efficacy of these compounds, in that, while oxotremorine M showed some activity against ticks, carbachol was ineffective.     

Sterols that modify moulting in insects

The development of insects is under the control of a steroid hormone, ecdysone. This paper reviews suicide substrate type inactivators designed to inhibit the biosynthesis of ecdysone. Several series of acetylenic derivatives of cholesterol were synthesized and their biological effects on the prothoracic glands of the locust were investigated in vitro, enabling structure-activity relationships to be studied. Information on the ability of brassinosteroids, a series of plant growth regulators, to inhibit ecdysteroid activities of insects is discussed as a precursor to a study of brassinosteroid ecdysone mimics.     

西伯利亚龟象取食对荞麦不同抗感品种生化物质的影响

为探讨抗虫和感虫荞麦品种对西伯利亚龟象Rhinoncus sibiricus取食的反应, 选择抗虫品种‘蒙0207’‘晋苦6’和感虫品种‘蒙0208’‘晋苦2’, 研究害虫不同程度(轻度、中度和重度)取食情况下, 荞麦叶片中营养物质(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)和次生代谢物质(单宁、总酚和类黄酮)含量, 防御酶［过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)］以及蛋白酶抑制剂［胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)、胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)］活性的变化, 以及西伯利亚龟象体内主要解毒酶活性的变化。结果表明, 西伯利亚龟象取食48 h后, 各处理组荞麦叶片中可溶性性蛋白、可溶性糖、单宁、总酚和类黄酮的含量以及PAL、CAT、TI、CI活性均有增加。在供试的4个荞麦品种中, 抗虫品种被取食后可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量上升幅度较感虫品种更大, 感虫品种被取食后单宁含量,PAL、TI、CI活性上升幅度较抗虫品种更大。在不同取食程度下, 抗虫品种中的TI和CI活性均显著高于感虫品种。西伯利亚龟象成虫取食抗虫荞麦品种后体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性均显著高于取食感虫品种的个体。研究结果表明, 西伯利亚龟象取食能诱导荞麦抗虫性物质含量的变化, 但对荞麦抗性品种与感虫品种的影响不同。     

种植油菜对‘玉露香梨’坐果及果实品质的影响

为明确梨树行间种植油菜在改善梨果品质方面的作用,本试验比较了行间清耕和行间种植油菜处理下梨园土壤养分和访花昆虫情况,分析了梨果实坐果率、脱萼率及果实品质。结果表明,行间种植油菜较行间清耕处理显著提高了梨园土壤中速效磷和速效钾含量,增幅为36.6%和11.2%,此外可以增加昆虫特别是蜜蜂的访问量,减少金龟子的访问量;与行间清耕+自然授粉相比,行间种植油菜+自然授粉与人工授粉处理均可显著提高梨坐果率和脱萼率,增加果实重量和减小果实偏斜率;同时,行间种植油菜+自然授粉处理下梨果实可溶性固形物和总糖含量均最高,达13.83%和9.45%。行间种植油菜可以提高梨园土壤营养和授粉昆虫的数量,增加梨坐果和改善果实品质。     

云南曲靖和蒙自万寿菊主栽区有害生物调查与分析

近年来, 我国万寿菊单一种植规模不断扩大, 有害生物的发生越发严重, 影响万寿菊产量与品质, 造成较大的经济损失。关于万寿菊有害生物调查, 前人报道多集中于吉林、海南、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃、山西等地, 对云南万寿菊主产区的有害生物缺乏系统调查。因此, 本次研究在全国最大的万寿菊种植区和近两年来万寿菊叶黄素含量最高的种植区, 即曲靖市沾益区和蒙自市冷泉镇进行有害生物系统调查, 发现曲靖地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和枯萎病; 主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫等10种; 主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、鬼针草、马唐、千针苋等19种。蒙自地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和炭疽病; 主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、四斑长跗萤叶甲、棉铃虫等9种; 主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、马唐、尼泊尔蓼、细柄野荞麦等13种。