利用OWA和电路模型优化黄河流域甘肃段生态安全格局

从生态系统服务视角出发优化生态安全格局,对于维护区域生态安全格局,确保经济社会稳定发展意义重大,但现有研究缺乏对多种生态系统服务之间权衡情景下生态系统状况的认知。该研究以黄河流域甘肃段为研究单元,在测度2019年食物供给、碳固定、产水量、土壤保持及生境质量5种典型生态系统服务的基础上,利用有序加权平均（Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA）模型识别出生态系统服务权衡度最高的优先保护区作为生态源地,利用最小累积阻力模型和电路模型识别生态廊道和战略点区域,进行生态安全格局构建与优化。结果表明：黄河流域甘肃段生态源地斑块共计169个,总面积27 460.56 km2,约占研究区总面积的19.2%。5种生态系统服务之间在全流域尺度下呈现出协同关系,甘南高原、陇中、陇东黄土高原由于受地形气候和植被覆盖以及人类活动的影响,生态系统服务差异显著。利用电路模型提取得到441条生态廊道,总体呈网状分布,贯穿东西,识别出生态节点49个。提出构建\     

乡村振兴与农业工程学科创新

乡村振兴作为农业农村现代化的长期目标和全方位发展过程,为涉农学科提供了空前巨大的创新与调整空间。该文旨在探讨农业工程学科在这一新的历史机遇与挑战面前,如何确定学科调整与优化的方向,为乡村振兴战略的实施提供有力的科技与人才支撑。近年来,以新工科、新农科建设为标志的新一轮学科布局调整,十分注重引入新技术与产业革命成果,用信息、数字技术和人工智能改造、提升传统工科和农科;相对而言,针对乡村振兴引发的农业农村现代化道路扩展与发展形态变革对学科创新的需求则重视程度不足。农业工程因其对农业农村现代化的特殊与关键性作用,理应更重视社会经济发展模式与结构调整对学科创新的影响及其对应关系。当前形势下,农业工程学科创新应重点关注以下几方面的问题：1）乡村振兴战略的实施为农业工程学科的创新与拓展开辟了新空间,提出了新要求;2）农业工程技术体系的开发推广将从以农业生产领域为主向依托农业农村资源而形成的多产业融合领域延伸;3）农业工程人才培养与科研体系建设要面向乡村生产生活和生态系统构建的全领域全过程;4）农业农村各产业及区域系统性建设要与城乡融合发展和推进农村治理体系与治理结构现代化的需求对接。现阶段,关于农业工程学科创新与扩展的新领域和新方向,在下述几个方面存在十分紧迫的现实需求：1）农村电子商务工程;2）乡村景观营造与维护工程;3）乡村新业态生产空间营造;4）乡村生态环境工程;5）乡村社会经济管理与治理体系和治理结构系统工程。     

区域层面发展循环经济的挑战和路径选择——以安徽省为例

阐述了区域发展循环经济的基础和契机,以安徽省为例分析了发展循环经济面临资源制约和环境压力加大、配套政策法制体系有待进一步完善和贯彻落实、循环经济指标尚未纳入政绩考核、循环经济技术支撑基础依然亟需加强等挑战,提出以任务和目标明确循环经济发展的方向、以重点领域作为循环经济发展的载体、以重点工程作为发展循环经济的手段、以制度建设作为循环经济发展的保障等路径。     

基于图书出版发行现状的图书馆采访工作创新

本文着重分析了当前我国图书出版发行环境中出现的一些新的变化、新的特点和新的问题,并提出了在图书馆采访工作中,针对这些问题可采取相应的措施。     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

新媒体时代公共图书馆创新服务研究——以重庆图书馆为例

随着新媒体时代的到来,人们接受信息的途径也有了全新的变化。新媒体给公共图书馆带来了机遇和挑战,公共图书馆面对种种挑战,积极创新服务,增强服务能力,提高服务水平和质量。     

电子技术实践教学中创新能力的培养

培养学生的创新能力是一个复杂的系统工程,它需要各学科密切协调,需要教师全员参与。本文阐述了在电子技术实践教学中,通过改革基础实验教学和课程设计,开放实验室等教学途径,有效的提高学生的实践能力,培养学生的创新意识和创新能力。     

新时期公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务初探

以我国全面推进公益性文化设施免费开放的政策为背景．通过分析农民工主要的信息需求和公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务的可行性．提出了公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务的有效措施。     

地表火对宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能的影响研究

2008年4月至2010年6月采用时间序列代替空间序列的方法,对宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能受地表火影响在不同时间的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、生物保育、积累营养物质、负离子提供和森林病虫害防治等7个方面进行了初步评估。结果表明,地表火干扰造成宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能损失的价值在时间序列上依次为1年是24.95万元.hm-2,5年是11.68万元.hm-2,10年是4.91万元.hm-2,15年是0.68万元.hm-2;各项服务功能价值量损失排序为保育土壤>涵养水源>病虫害防治>固碳释氧>积累营养物质>净化大气>生物保育,其中保育土壤和涵养水源两项的损失占总损失量的70%左右,这表明地表火主要影响宝天曼栎类森林生态系统中的保育土壤和涵养水源功能。     

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.