佛山市高明区古树名木现状及保护对策

本文对佛山市高明区古树名木调查现状进行总结发现,区域内现有古树名木251株,分属12科15属15种。在对古树名木树种构成、生长情况、树龄和胸径情况等进行具体分析的基础上,分析了高明区危害古树名木的因素,并提出有效的保护对策,以期为古树名木的保护提供参考。     

基于因素空间的油葵联合收获机故障诊断推理机制

当油葵联合收获机出现脱粒滚筒堵塞等故障时会影响联合收割机作业效率,而缺少自动故障早期预警手段的问题日益突出。为此,以因素空间理论为基础,研究了油葵联合收获机的故障诊断问题。在因素空间中,油葵联合收获机故障通过将其征兆因素集综合起来进行描述,通过因素分析得到故障诊断类型;并构建了装备故障诊断知识库和推理机制,进行了油葵联合收获机故障诊断仿真。仿真结果表明:基于因素空间理论的故障诊断方法能够成功地诊断出其故障类型,对油葵作物联合收获机的科学维护及可靠运行提供重要的参考。     

Identifying the limiting factors driving the winter wheat yield gap on smallholder farms by agronomic diagnosis in North China Plain

North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers' fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha~(–1). The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha~(–1), respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers' fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(6.598×10~6 ha~(–1)),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha~(–1), seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90~(–1)80 kg ha~(–1). Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers' practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers' nutrient management practices in the NCP.     

清原1957—2001年小型蒸发器蒸发量变化特征及影响因素分析

通过对清原国家基本气象站1957-2001年小型蒸发器观测数据的分析,得出清原蒸发量的月、年变化特征,总结蒸发量变化与其他气象因素的关系,指出相关性显著的气象因子。     

1968―2018年民勤地区参考作物需水量的年际变化特征及相关气象影响因子研究

【目的】研究民勤地区作物需水量的主要影响因子。【方法】基于民勤地区1968―2018年气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了不同时间尺度的平均参考作物需水量ET0,分析ET0变化趋势,并与气象因子变化趋势进行相关性拟合。【结果】1968―2018年民勤地区年平均参考作物需水量呈波动上升趋势,最低值为1968年的3.15mm/d,最高值为2013年的3.72 mm/d,且参考作物需水量的上升趋势是从2003年开始最为明显;参考作物需水量与年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温、年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年平均日照时间以及年平均风速的相关性比较显著,与降雨量和净辐射相关关系不显著。【结论】民勤地区的干旱状况目前处于平稳期,年平均最高气温和年平均相对湿度是导致民勤地区参考作物需水量年际变化的最主要的气象因子。     

热带桉树人工林液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明热带桉树蒸腾耗水时间变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】通过热扩散探针法(TDP)于2016年1—12月对海南省儋州林场桉树树干液流进行实时监测,并同步监测气象、土壤水分等相关环境因子。【结果】①雨季桉树液流瞬时变化特征多为"双峰"型曲线,旱季为"单峰"型,雨季液流到达峰值时间在11:00—11:30之间,峰值平均为8.68 mL/(cm2·h),并在15:00—15:30出现第2个液流峰值,平均峰值为8.16 mL/(cm2·h),旱季液流达到峰值时间在13:00—13:30之间,峰值平均为7.45 mL/(cm2·h);②旱季和雨季桉树液流瞬时速率对相对湿度和大气温度的时滞均为30 min,对光合有效辐射的时滞均为-30 min;③日尺度上桉树平均液流速率为2.06 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现在7月15日,为4.25 mL/(cm2·h);最小值出现在11月25日,为0.14 mL/(cm2·h),太阳有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、饱和水气压差(VPD)是影响桉树日均液流的主要环境因子,树木胸径大小与日均液流速率正相关;④桉树月均液流速率的变化特征为"单峰型"曲线,雨季液流速率均值为2.53 mL/(cm2·h),旱季为1.80 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现于7月,为3.42 mL/(cm2·h),最小值在2月,为1.40 mL/(cm2·h),其中PAR、Ta、VPD是主要影响因子。【结论】热带桉树人工林液流存在明显昼夜与季节节律,不同观测尺度下影响桉树液流速率的主要环境因子均为PAR、Ta、VPD。     

Calculation of Irrigation Infiltration Recharge Coefficient and Analysis of Influencing Factors in the Lower Reaches of Aksu River北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to obtain the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in the lower reaches of Aksu river and improve the numerical simulation accuracy of groundwater in the study area,the influencing factors of the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in this area were analyzed. 【Method】In this paper,field sampling and indoor irrigation experiments were carried out by selecting representative points under different irrigation schemes,vadose zone thickness and soil structure in the lower Aksu area,and numerical simulation of vadose zone flow was carried out in combination with Hydrus-1d. Hydrus-1d model was used to calculate irrigation inflow under this soil structure by changing irrigation schemes and vadose zone thickness. Change of seepage recharge coefficient. On the basis of the calculation results of the model,the relationship between irrigation schedule,aeration zone thickness and irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient is analyzed firstly,and then the main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in soil structure are analyzed with the method of model calculation and mathematical statistics. 【Result】The results showed that the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient ranged from 0.320 to 0.474 under drip irrigation and from 0.408 to 0.561 under border irrigation. The irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient varied under different irrigation schemes,while the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient decreased with the increase of aeration zone thickness. The main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge are soil permeability coefficient,soil bulk density and initial soil water content. 【Conclusion】According to indoor experiment combined with numerical model to calculate the irrigation infiltration coefficient under different irrigation system range, it is concluded that the influence factors of irrigation infiltration coefficient of irrigation system, the thickness of the vadose zone and reflects soil permeability coefficient of soil structure, soil quality and soil initial moisture content, volume for the downstream area irrigation infiltration coefficient selection in arid areas and provides the theory basis for further research. © 2019 Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. All rights reserved.     

Floristic composition and ecological gradient analyses of the Liakot Forests in the Kalam region of District Swat,Pakistan

Kalam Kohistan is a dry,temperate hilly region in the Hindu Raj Series of the Greater Hindu Kush Mountains with diverse forests.As plant distribution and composition is expression of a range of various environmental variables,ecological and floristic attributes of vegetation in the Laikot Forests were therefore evaluated via consecutive explorative trips.These forests have not been evaluated ecologically before due to harsh climatic conditions and issues of accessibility and the study in hand is one of the first in its nature.Quantitative ecological techniques were used to sample forest vegetation and identify species in quadrats of 2 m×2 m for herbs,5 m×5 m for shrubs and 10 m×10 m for trees.All the data of 195 plant species and environmental factors were analyzed via Two-way Cluster Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis using PCORD and CANOCO software.Among 195 plant species from 63 families were 27 species of Asteraceae,the most-speciose family,followed by Poaceae(20 spp.).The dominant life form was therophyte(86 spp.;44%share),followed by phanerophyte(41 spp.;21%share).For the leaf size spectrum,most prevalent was nanophyll(73 spp.;44%)followed by microphyll(66 spp.,34%)and mesophyll(44 spp.;23%).Calcium carbonate,pH,potassium,sand,silt,organic matter,slope aspect and grazing significantly influenced species composition,distribution and habitat.The floristic variation in the region was diverse due to elevational and aspect gradients and thus devided into three zones.This vegetation zonation can be utilized for forest management,species and habitat conservation.Both in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened plant species may improve their conservation status in future if address properly.     

低山丘陵区景观类型与地形因子耦合关系研究——以伏牛山余脉区为例

选择伏牛山局部低山丘陵区为对象,运用ArcGIS的空间分析功能和数理统计分析方法探讨8种类型景观在高程、坡度、坡向带上的分布特征、分布指数与显著性。结果表明,高程因子与林地景观呈显著正相关,与工矿用地景观、自然保留地景观呈显著负相关;坡度因子与基本农田景观呈极显著负相关,与耕地景观、自然保留用地景观呈显著负相关;坡向因子与牧草地景观、林地景观呈显著负相关,与自然保留地景观呈显著正相关。建议根据地形因子进行景观布局,低海拔与平缓坡区宜发展生产、生活型景观,中高海拔与陡、急、陡峭坡区域宜丰富生态型景观。协调(半)阴坡、(半)阳坡的景观类型,宜增加阳坡区生态型景观。本研究为区域景观合理化建设提供了定量化依据,也为低山丘陵区景观建设提供参考。