嫩江上游地区水土流失现状及成因分析

对嫩江上游的大兴安岭及其周边地区的水土流失现状作了简要的分析,给出了近20年该地区的水土流失及产生水土流失的原因。针对这些原因提出了相应的防治措施和预测模型(USLE),并对其进行了简单的介绍。分析结果有利于改善当地的水土流失,促进地区的可持续发展。     

Immunomodulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry by bath exposure to a β‐glucan from Euglena gracilis

Early developmental stages of fish mostly depend on innate immune factors for their protection. Augmenting these factors by application of different immunostimulatory substances may be beneficial for rearing and survival of the early life stages of fish. Bath administration of stimulants leads to a uniform exposure of fish independent of feed intake and reduces the individual handling. The present study demonstrates the immunostimulatory effect of β‐glucan (bath exposure) in rainbow trout fry at different dosages and exposure time. Rainbow trout fry (avg. wt. 770 mg; 87 days post hatch) were exposed to three different concentrations of β‐glucan (10, 100 and 1000 μg mL^?1) by bath exposure for 1 and 24 h. Expression of immune related genes from pooled internal organ samples of individual fish were analysed using a real time qPCR assay. Expression of complement factors (C3 and factor B) and acute phase proteins (hepcidin, precerebellin and transferrin) was significantly up‐regulated after 24 h bath stimulation with β‐glucan (100 μg mL^?1). These innate immune factors may play a vital role in clearance of pathogens. The expression of most of genes showed both a dose‐ and time‐dependent response. A medium dose (100 μg mL^?1) induced a significant increase in expression of complement factors and acute phase proteins mainly at 24 h exposure, whereas the highest dose of β‐glucan (1000 μg mL^?1) down‐regulated the expression of most of the studied genes. The result from the present study indicates that β‐glucan bath exposure could be applied for enhancing the innate immune factors even in fry.     

环境因素对淡水浮丝藻生长及产生嗅味的影响

研究温度、营养盐浓度以及光照强度对淡水浮丝藻(Planktothrix sp.)及其代谢产物二-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)的影响,为控制丝状蓝藻生长及预警水体嗅味物质污染提供实践依据。浮丝藻由中国科学院水生生物研究所淡水藻种库分离于安徽巢湖;设置的实验温度为15、20、25、30℃,BG-11营养盐溶液体积分数为20%、30%、50%、100%,光照为1 000、2 000、3 000、4 000 lx。结果表明,温度对浮丝藻生长密度、总2-MIB生成量及胞外2-MIB分泌量影响最显著,25℃是浮丝藻最适宜生长温度,最高细胞密度可达6.04×10⁵个/mL,30℃是其最适宜的产2-MIB温度,总2-MIB生成量和胞外2-MIB分泌量均最高,分别为3.64×10³ng/L和2.78×10³ng/L;其次为营养盐浓度,增大BG-11营养盐浓度,浮丝藻生长密度和总2-MIB生成量会随之增加,低浓度营养盐时胞外2-MIB分泌量所占比例较高,表明低浓度营养盐更有利于浮丝藻进行胞外2-MIB分泌;光照对浮丝藻生长及产嗅味物质影响较小,...     

龟鳖废水处理系统中细菌群落组成及动态变化

为了优化废水处理系统的菌群结构,提高水质净化效率,实验采用高通量测序技术对龟鳖废水处理系统的细菌群落组成进行分析,同时对细菌群落和废水水质进行相关性分析.结果显示:不同处理单元中的菌群结构存在显著差异,在门分类水平上,各处理单元的主要细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacte-roidot...     

硬骨鱼类黄色素细胞的研究进展

色素细胞是动物体内产生色素的一类特化细胞,其色素颗粒可选择性吸收或反射特定波长的光,产生多种颜色,从而形成动物的体色。色素细胞由胚胎神经嵴细胞分化形成,在动物警戒、求偶、伪装、拟态、隐蔽以及环境适应性等一系列生物学过程中起着关键作用。黄色素细胞的受关注度仅次于黑色素细胞,其合成含有类胡萝卜素和蝶啶成分的红/黄色素小体,可以形成从白色到红色等一系列的颜色,是研究色素细胞互作、色素沉着以及生物进化机制的理想模型。本文综述了鱼类色素细胞的来源和分布、黄色素细胞的发育和分化以及蝶啶色素合成代谢机制三个方面,并提出了现阶段黄色素细胞研究中存在的缺陷,为鱼类体色形成、色素细胞分化及体色性状分子选育提供参考依据。     

大渡河乐山段2013-2016年浮游动物群落特征变化

为了解大渡河沙湾至乐山段安谷水电站建设过程中浮游动物群落变化,于施工期2013-2014年和运行期2015-2016年的每年春、秋两季对主河道、左侧河网及支流浮游动物群落进行监测。结果显示,2013-2016年调查共鉴定出浮游动物263种,优势种为12种属,旋轮虫属(Philodina)为施工期、运行期共有优势种属。浮游动物平均密度为658.55个/L,平均生物量为0.1102 mg/L;施工期和运行期浮游动物密度和生物量差异不显著,春季平均密度最高值出现在2014年(621.15个/L),秋季平均密度最高值出现在2015年(674.19个/L),2013年春、秋季的生物量均为最高(0.1324 mg/L、0.1070 mg/L),浮游动物密度和生物量在季节分布上差异不大。在空间分布上,支流高于主河道、左侧河网、岷江。施工期、运行期浮游动物密度、生物量与环境因子溶解氧(DO)、流速(V)呈负相关,与水温(WT)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝氮(NO₃^--N)、总氮(TN)、磷酸盐(H₃     

Risk factors associated with mortalities attributed to infectious salmon anaemia virus in New Brunswick, Canada

Outbreaks of unexplained mortalities attributed to infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) were examined in the 1996 year class of Atlantic salmon in three regions of New Brunswick, Canada. A total of 218 net pens at 14 sites deemed to have been exposed to ISA virus (ISAV) were surveyed for mortality records and management, environmental and host characteristics. Based on definitions of mortality patterns, clinical ISA disease outbreaks occurred in 106 net pens. There were eight sites in which >50% of net pens experienced ISA outbreaks during the study period. Factors related to their potential role in transmission of virus to new sites or new net pens at the same site were identified as sea lice vectors, divers visiting multiple sites, sites belonging to companies with more than one site, exposure to other year classes at the site, and proximity to other infected net pens. Host resistance factors associated with greater risk of outbreaks were identified as larger groupings, general health following smolt transfer, stressful husbandry procedures during growout, and health or productivity during colder water periods. Despite very close proximity between sites, modification of these management factors would probably influence the severity of mortalities caused by ISAV.     

环境因子对大黄鱼精子活力的影响

通过观测精子的激活率、活动时间和寿命研究了几种环境因子的变化对养殖大黄鱼精子活力的影响。试验结果表明:精子平均密度为(1.17±0.09)×1010.ml-1,盐度对大黄鱼精子活力影响较大。当海水盐度适宜(19.61~24.87)时,精子的激活率≥90%,活动时间≥9.65 min,寿命≥13.50 min;在pH=4.0~10.0的海水中,精子都能被正常激活(≥70%),适宜的pH值为7.5~8.0;不同浓度的葡萄糖、NaCl和KCl溶液对精子活力的影响不同,不同浓度的EDTA-2Na溶液均不能激活精子;无Ca2 、Mg2 或HCO3-的人工海水对精子的激活率均高达90%,但精子的活动时间却有较大幅度的缩减。     

地衣芽孢杆菌De株对黄鳍鲷生长及其养殖池塘主要环境因子的影响

运用综合对比分析法,对黄鳍鲷（Sparuslatus）养殖中定期泼洒地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lichenformis）De的应用效果进行了探讨。结果表明,施用地衣芽孢杆菌De可在一定程度上优化水体环境和养殖生产性能,使养殖黄鳍鲷的成活率、体长增长率和体质量增长率分别提高18．2％、21．0％和312％;显著降低水中氨氮（NH3-N）、亚硝酸盐（NO2^-N）、活性磷酸盐（PO;一一P）质量浓度及底泥中有机碳的质量分数（P〈0．05）,其中养殖前、后期的底泥有机碳质量分数分别较对照组降低49．77％和22．63％,NO2^-N、PO4^3-P质量浓度则总体较对照组降低25．82％和41．00％,NH3-N质量浓度在养殖前、中和后期较对照组降低36．33％、18．10％和14．28％;水体中弧菌数量在养殖后期较对照组降低61．76％,底泥中的总异养细菌数量在养殖中、后期较对照组提高38．61％,整个养殖期间水体及底泥中的芽孢杆菌数量分别较对照组提高15．34％和26．37％。     

3种有益微生物对菲牛蛭养殖水体理化因子及成活率的影响

为减少高密度养殖下菲牛蛭(Hirudinaria manillensis)疾病发生和养殖废水排放,研究比较了3种商品化有益微生物制剂(硝化细菌T1、光合细菌T2和EM复合菌T3)对养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,3种有益微生物制剂在15d内均能使养殖水体的pH稳定在6.8以上,溶氧量(DO)分别比对照组提高30.12%、26.95%和46.12%;化学耗氧量(COD)分别比对照组低1.02mg/L、1.13mg/L和1.53mg/L;3个处理组对氨氮(NH4+-N)的平均降解率分别为48.48%、45.23%和63.10%,亚硝态氮(NO2-N)平均值分别比对照组低0.16mg/L、0.19mg/L和0.27mg/L;菲牛蛭存活率均高达90%以上,明显高于对照组的53%。3种有益微生物制剂均有显著增加溶氧量、降低氨氮、亚硝态氮和化学耗氧量的效应,对菲牛蛭养殖水体均具有很好的净化作用,其中以EM复合菌效果最佳。