实验室条件下o-烯丙基苯酚和p/o-丁酰基苯酚在土壤中的降解动力学研究

实验室条件下,在东北黑土、北京褐土、江西红土中添加o-烯丙基苯酚、p/o-丁酰基苯酚后对其降解进行了研究。结果发现,微生物对这2种农药在3种土壤中的降解起主要作用,它们在未灭菌土中的降解速度很快,符合一级动力学方程,T0.5在10.26h￣2.51d之间。两者均在有机质含量较高、pH偏碱性的东北土壤中降解最快;土壤含水量增加,降解速度减慢;外加碳源的存在,并没有加快它们的降解速度。     

黄骅市土壤含盐量空间变异特征和影响因素分析

文章为了探知黄骅市土壤含盐量的空间变异及影响因素,基于样点数据,运用GIS和地统计相结合的方法对土壤含盐量的空间变异特征和空间分布进行分析和模拟。然后通过逐步回归分析对影响黄骅市土壤含盐量空间分布的主要因素进行分析。结果显示:(1)黄骅市土壤含盐量空间变异拟合于指数模型,存在各向异性,基底效应属于中等,其空间分布受到外界因素的影响。(2)黄骅市土壤含盐量整体上由沿海向内陆逐渐降低,在内陆地区的黄骅镇和南大港也出现了聚集;全市仅有8.49%的土地未出现土壤盐渍化,零星分布于黄骅市内陆边界地区;轻度盐渍化土面积最大,占全市面积的31.93%。(3)黄骅市土壤含盐量与高程、地下水矿化度、地下水埋深空间分布格局较为吻合,与土壤含盐量空间相关性最大的因素是地下水矿化度,而且更多表现为直接影响,其次为地下水埋深,高程因素相关性最小,黄骅市表层土壤与地下水之间垂直迁移交换作用比盐分水平运移作用更显著。     

灌溉效益分摊系数的数理统计分析方法

传统的灌溉效益分摊系数的计算公式中没有考虑随机因素和交互效应的影响,针对这一问题提出了相应的数理统计分析方法,并利用一组历史数据,计算了某一地区的灌溉效益分摊系数。     

A Cross‐Sectional Study Examining Campylobacter and Other Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens in Dogs that Frequent Dog Parks in Three Cities in South‐Western Ontario and Risk Factors for Shedding of Campylobacter spp.

An estimated 6 million pet dogs live in Canadian households with the potential to transmit zoonotic pathogens to humans. Dogs have been identified as carriers of Salmonella, Giardia and Campylobacter spp., particularly Campylobacter upsaliensis, but little is known about the prevalence and risk factors for these pathogens in pet dogs that visit dog parks. This study examined the prevalence of these organisms in the faeces of dogs visiting dog parks in three cities in south‐western Ontario, as well as risk factors for shedding Campylobacter spp. and C. upsaliensis. From May to August 2009, canine faecal samples were collected at ten dog parks in the cities of Guelph and Kitchener‐Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire related to pet characteristics and management factors including age, diet and activities in which the dog participates. Faecal samples were collected from 251 dogs, and 189 questionnaires were completed. Salmonella, Giardia and Campylobacter spp. were present in 1.2%, 6.4% and 43.0% of faecal samples, respectively. Of the Campylobacter spp. detected, 86.1% were C. upsaliensis, 13% were C. jejuni and 0.9% were C. coli. Statistically significant sparing factors associated with the shedding of Campylobacter spp. included the feeding of a commercial dry diet and the dog's exposure to compost. Age of dog had a quadratic effect, with young dogs and senior dogs having an increased probability of shedding Campylobacter spp. compared with adult dogs. The only statistically significant risk factor for shedding C. upsaliensis was outdoor water access including lakes and ditches, while dogs >1 year old were at a lower risk than young dogs. Understanding the pet‐related risk factors for Campylobacter spp. and C. upsaliensis shedding in dogs may help in the development of awareness and management strategies to potentially reduce the risk of transmitting this pathogen from dogs to humans.     

植物种子脱水耐性的研究现状分析与展望

为了更好的聚类植物种质资源耐贮藏和培育免晒植物新品种,研究植物种子脱水耐性的获得、基因表达、调控机理具有重要的理论指导与实践意义。笔者归纳了植物种子脱水耐性的形成假说、生理基础、脱水耐性差异等,重点分析了种子脱水耐性在全基因组、转录组、蛋白质组方面的分子机理研究,指出运用全基因组学方法系统定位世界范围内不同国家地区的不同类型的品种脱水耐性的遗传多样性和相关基因,挖掘种子脱水敏感的关键基因。     

论鸦片战争前茶叶在中美贸易中的地位及其成因

荷兰人将中国茶带到美洲殖民地,英国人将饮茶习惯普及。独立后的美国迫切展开与中国直接贸易,1784年“中国皇后号”的首航标志着中美贸易的开端。从首次贸易到鸦片战争时期,茶叶始终占据了中美贸易的核心商品地位,且在美国对华贸易商品中所占比例整体呈稳步增长趋势。美国对茶叶的消费需求、经济发展的需要以及华商对美商提供的有利的交易方式等因素促进了中美茶叶贸易的发展,茶叶贸易也给美国早期的发展带来了重大的影响。     

Risk factors associated with sero-positivity to Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil

From September 1995 to February 2001, blood samples were collected from 865 neotropical felids belonging to 8 different species. These animals were housed in 86 institutions located in 78 cities of 20 Brazilian states. Our goal was to identify the risk factors associated with sero-positivity to Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil. All serum samples were tested by the modified agglutination test (MAT), using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. For each animal an individual questionnaire was filled with questions about tattoo number, felid species, age, sex, origin, number of animals in the group, introduction of new animals in the group, time in the institution, eating meat previously frozen for a period <7 days in the last 6 months, eating meat of run-over or euthanized animals in the last 6 months, predation of rodents or birds in the last 6 months and presence of domestic cats near the enclosures in the last 6 months. The total sero-prevalence was 55% (95% CI: 52%, 57%). We estimated a prevalence of 46% (95% CI: 40%, 54%) for jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi); 58% (95% CI: 53%, 63%) for ocelot (Leopardus pardalis); 50% (95% CI: 45%, 56%) for oncilla (L. tigrinus); 54% (95% CI: 46%, 62%) for margay (L. wiedii); 12% (95% CI: 4%, 31%) for Pampas-cat (L. colocolo); 83% (95% CI: 65%, 93%) for Geoffroy's-cat (L. geoffroyi); 64% (95% CI: 50%, 68%) for jaguar (Panthera onca) and 48% (95% CI: 42%, 54%) for puma (Puma concolor). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the variables in the questionnaire and sero-positivity to T. gondii. We concluded that the independent risk factors for toxoplasmosis were: age >3 years (OR = 4.75 [2.75; 8.2]), eating meat previously frozen for a period <7 days (OR = 2.23 [1.24; 4.01]), and consumption of animals that were run-over or euthanized (OR = 1.64; [1.14; 2.37]).     

大米中风味物质的形成与变化

为了研究大米中风味物质的形成与变化,本研究归纳了大米中主要风味物质的组成,分析了生长因素、遗传因素对风味物质形成的影响以及在储藏中挥发物含量的变化,并对大米释放香味的方式进行探讨,阐述了大米中的风味物质从来源、积累到释放的全过程。在风味物质形成的过程中,一些挥发性化合物产生的条件并未明确,且对大米遗传因素研究方面还较不全面。目前对于香气物质2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)的研究较广泛,而其他物质的遗传因素不全面。     

陕西黄土高原中南部土壤CO2释放量变化研究

本文根据 NaOH溶液吸收CO_2的方法 ,对陕西黄土高原中南部4个观测点的土壤CO_2释放量时行了昼夜观测。观测结果表明 ,不同地区、不同气候和不同土质土壤CO_2释放量存在差异 ,冷干地区较暖湿地区土壤CO_2释放量少,凉季较暖季土壤CO_2释放量少;粘性硬质土较松散黄土CO_2 释放量少。长武、洛川、西安南郊土壤CO_2释放量变化再次证明 ,在厚层黄土发育的地区 ,土壤CO_2释放量变化相对于大气温度变化具有滞后性,从当日早晨至次日早晨,CO_2释放量具有由低变高再变低的普遍规律。     

农民参加现代农业技术培训意愿的影响因素研究——基于安徽巢湖市的实证分析

通过对巢湖市两个农业大县农民的调查,建立二元回归模型,针对性别、年龄、受教育程度、家庭收入、对现代农业技术的认知度、培训与需求的一致性等因素分析影响农民参加现代农业技术培训的意愿程度。实证结果证实,年龄、性别、受教育程度、对现代农业技术的认知度是影响农民参加现代农业技术培训意愿的主要因素。