黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程的REE示踪研究

利用室内概化的坡沟系统模型,结合REE示踪技术,采用放水冲刷试验,对黄土高原坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程进行了深入研究。结果表明,坡沟系统的坡面侵蚀速率大于沟坡的侵蚀速率,即坡面侵蚀较沟坡侵蚀剧烈;在本研究设计的流量范围内存在一个临界流量Q=12 L/min,当冲刷流量小于该值时,起始侵蚀率随流量的增大而增大,当冲刷流量大于该值时,起始侵蚀率随冲刷流量的增大而减小;相同流量下,随着冲刷历时的延长,其侵蚀率呈波动变化趋势,陆续达到最大,然后又逐渐减小,而且随着流量的增大,La元素示踪带和Eu元素示踪带侵蚀率达到最大的时间越来越短。     

松溪九龙大白茶品种特征、栽培技术及白茶制作工艺优化研究

九龙大白茶是源于福建省松溪县的优良茶树品种,具有发芽特早、芽头特长、毫色特白等特点,制作的白茶品质尤其优异,受到市场青睐.文章总结其品种特征与栽培要点,并针对其特点优化白茶制作工艺,旨在推动松溪县白茶产业发展.     

黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价及改进策略研究

为在耕地休养生息背景下开展地下水休耕政策过程绩效评价,以黄淮海平原为研究对象,通过对黄淮海平原的2 个市、5 个县政府相关部门和农户实地调查,以公共价值理论为基础,构建地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系,并辅以层次分析法、专家打分法等方法对地下水严重超采区休耕政策过程绩效进行评估。结果表明:1)明晰了黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策公共价值体现并从公平性、参与性、效率性、可持续性等4 个维度构建休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系;2)黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评估总得分为74.38分,绩效等级处在“较好”的水平;3)休耕政策实施过程的关键环节包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织环节、政策生态目标认识环节;休耕政策实施过程的薄弱环节,包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织和论证环节。综上,本研究构建的地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价体系具有系统性、科学性和可操作性,可为休耕政策实施过程定量评价提供了研究思路和支撑。     

雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒强毒在感染鸭胚体内形态发生学和宿主细胞超微病理学研究

将雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒（NGVEV）强毒CH株经尿囊腔途径人工感染10日龄鸭胚,应用透射电镜和超薄切片技术研究病毒在宿主细胞内的形态发生及各组织器官的超微结构变化。结果表明：感染后不同时间剖杀及死亡鸭胚的尿囊膜、肠、心、肝、脑和肌胃组织中,均观察到60～70nm的病毒粒子。病毒粒子主要通过与细胞膜融合而进入细胞质内,然后在细胞核内进行复制和装配。最后病毒粒子通过核膜和细胞膜破裂的方式被释放。病毒侵害的主要靶细胞包括鸭胚尿囊膜上皮细胞、肠上皮细胞、肠道平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞、肝细胞、肌胃黏膜上皮细胞和心肌细胞等,表现为细胞核内外膜间隙严重扩张,细胞质整体结构严重空化。病毒侵害的主要靶细胞器包括粗面内质网和线粒体,表现为粗面内质网扩张呈囊状;尿囊膜上皮细胞的线粒体出现固缩和异常聚集变化,而其他组织细胞的线粒体均表现为肿胀和嵴断裂、消失。本试验还发现NGVEV可诱导宿主细胞发生严重的细胞凋亡现象,表现为细胞皱缩,胞核内染色质密度增高,核固缩成一个或数个团块凝聚在核膜周边,胞质浓缩深染并形成凋亡小体。     

虾蛋白肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

研究和探讨了虾加工副产物的酶解产物（Enzymatic Hydrolysis Production,EHP）对蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋品质的影响。以虾加工副产物为原料,应用复合生物酶酶解技术制备EHP,选择产蛋率在80%以上的300日龄笼养褐壳蛋鸡288只,随机分成3组,在基础日粮中分别添加0、1.5g/100g、3g/100g虾加工副产物EHP,并替代相应重量的鱼粉,试验期为60天。EHP,可显著提高鸡蛋的哈夫单位（P〈0.05）,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率平均提高3.14%,料蛋比相应低于对照组。表明虾加工副产物EHP可显著提高产蛋高峰期过后处于衰减期的鸡蛋的哈夫单位及产蛋率。     

江苏部分地区鹅球虫种类调查

目的了解江苏地区鹅球虫感染情况。方法在扬州、南京、常州、无锡不同地区选择37个鹅群,群体采样法采集粪样,饱和食盐水收集卵囊,显微镜下观察,进行虫种鉴定。结果共查37个鹅群,球虫阳性27个群,占78．38％。共检到1科3属8种球虫,其中艾美耳属（Eimeria）6种：鹅艾美耳球虫（Eanseris）、有毒艾美耳球虫（Etlocens）、金黄艾美耳球虫（E.fulva）、赫尔曼艾美耳球虫（Ehermani）、法立兰艾美耳球虫（E.farri）、多斑艾美耳球虫（E．stigmosa）;泰泽属（Tyzzeria）1种：稍小泰泽球虫（rparvula）;等孢属（Isospora）1种：鹅等孢球虫（L.anseris）。稍小泰泽球虫、赫尔曼艾美耳球虫、多班艾美耳球虫为优势种,其感染率分别为86．21％、75．86％、58．62％;天鹅主要感染稍小泰泽球虫,其感染率为60％。结论江苏地区鹅球虫感染率较高,需要加强综合防治工作。     

Diagnosis of bacterial infections. Part 1: Principles of sample collection and transportation

Bacterial infections are common in equine practice, therefore it is important that diseases caused by these organisms are diagnosed accurately. Collection of appropriate samples in a correct and timely manner is fundamental to determining the causative agent. Furthermore, transportation of samples to the laboratory must ensure that the agents survive and can be identified. This paper outlines a recommended diagnostic approach when bacteria are suspected, the samples that may be obtained in order to confirm their presence, and the transportation requirements to facilitate their isolation in diagnostic laboratories.     

Palmar or plantar process fractures of the distal phalanx in riding horses: 22 cases (1994–2003)

No case series exists in the literature describing palmar/plantar process fractures (PPFs) of the distal phalanx in a nonracehorse population. We aim to describe the distribution of these injuries, together with their clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic features. In a retrospective case study, horses were selected based on radiographic evidence of a PPF. Data were collected relating to clinical and lameness examination, radiography, scintigraphy, management and follow‐up information. Oblique and flexed oblique radiographic views of the distal phalanx are the most sensitive in detecting PPFs of the distal phalanx and this study concluded that fractures of palmar or plantar process are likely to be missed in horses showing mild lameness if oblique radiographic views of the palmar process are not included.     

Towards a risk-based surveillance for Trichinella spp. in Danish pig production

Increasing demands for cost-effectiveness in surveillance for human health hazards from animal origins can be met by introducing risk-based principles. This e.g. implies targeting subpopulations with higher risk of infection compared to the whole population. Furthermore, historical data from surveillance can be collated and used to assess future risk of infection. To demonstrate the effectiveness of combining these two approaches, we used a model called “Discounting historical evidence”. It depends mainly on the annual risk of introduction (PIntro) and the surveillance system sensitivity (SSe) (ability to detect infection if present). The model implies simulations that reiterate for a number of years. For each year the output is updated with the confidence on absence in infection. Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs is used as an example. In Denmark, more than 20 million pigs are tested annually. Despite more than 70 years of testing no pigs have been found positive for Trichinella. Hence, PIntro is low. SSe can be estimated from the maximum number of infected carcasses expected under the specified design prevalence, and the sensitivity of the test applied. According to our assessment, the current prevalence of Trichinella in Danish pigs is less than one case per million, which we interpret as negligible risk. Based on this, a risk-based surveillance programme for Trichinella is designed that targets all out-door reared pigs as well as all sows and boars (current total 610,000 slaughtered annually). These subpopulations are judged to have higher risk of getting Trichinella. Again, SSe and PIntro are estimated and the model results show that risk-based surveillance can be applied without jeopardizing human health. Finally, we incorporate wildlife surveys and test quality assurance in the programme. The results of the simulation model were included in an application to the European Commission concerning Denmark's status as a region with negligible risk of Trichinella. In July 2007, the European Commission granted status as “negligible risk” to Danish pigs and pork.     

Experimental infection of cats (Felis catus) with Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from cattle

Tritrichomonas foetus is recognized as the causative agent of venereal trichomoniasis in cattle. It is characterized by embryonic and early fetal death and post-coital pyometra, and feline trichomoniasis, manifest as chronic, large bowel diarrhea. Many of the infected cats are less than 2 years old and specific routes of transmission remain unknown. We recently demonstrated that feline isolates of T. foetus can successfully infect heifers, resulting in pathologic changes similar, but not identical to those previously reported as representative of bovine trichomoniasis. In this study, we experimentally infected six cats less than 1 year of age with a bovine (D-1) isolate of T. foetus and one cat with a feline (AUTf-1) isolate of T. foetus. Within 2 weeks, the cat infected with the feline (AUTf-1) isolate was culture positive for trichomonads in weekly fecal samples. At the end of 5 weeks, only one cat infected with the bovine (D-1) isolate was fecal culture positive for trichomonads. At necropsy, the intestine of each cat was removed and divided into five sections (ileum, cecum, anterior, medial and posterior colon). Contents from each section were collected and cultured. The cat infected with the feline (AUTf-1) isolate was culture positive in the ileum, cecum, medial and posterior colon. Two cats infected with the bovine (D-1) isolate were culture positive in the cecum only. Additionally, each intestinal section was submitted to a pathologist for histopathological examination. The combined results indicate that there are demonstrable differences between the feline (AUTf-1) and bovine (D-1) isolates regarding their infectivity in cats.