小麦抗赤霉病突变体的选育及RAPD分子验证

利用辐射诱变,组织培养和细胞筛选相结合的方法选育出了抗赤霉病突变体９２ｋ８０９该突变体不仅抗赤霉病能力强,且抗性稳定,同时具有优良的农艺性状,比原亲本增产４．９％,经ＲＡＰＤ技术检测,所用的１２８个引物中有１个引物（ＯＰＹ１５）在抗病变体９２ｋ８０９和赤霉病抗原苏麦３号中得到了相同的扩增产物,初步认为该片段与赤霉病的抗性有关。     

Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.     

苹果－瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落动力学模型

基于瓦楞纸板受冲击压缩变形的特征,提出-表征其非线性冲击力-变形模型,结合其跌落冲击试验结果表征模型参数.在此基础上,建立"富士"苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落动力学模型方程,进行不同高度下的苹果缓冲跌落冲击响应的理论分析,并与试验结果进行比较.结果表明,试验结果与理论模型结果吻合性好,所提出苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落冲击模型能合理地表征苹果缓冲跌落冲击动力学特征,瓦楞纸板能显著降低苹果跌落的冲击加速度.研究结果为果品缓冲包装设计提供了理论基础.     

Influence of Cultural Practices on the Performance of Long Level Basins in Egypt

Several field studies were conducted tobetter understand the influence of culturalpractices, inflow rate and field conditionson the performance of modern surfaceirrigation systems in Egypt. Field datawere collected on wheat and cotton underEgyptian conditions in order to estimateinfiltration, roughness and performanceparameters. Tests were made with a varietyof inflow rates and a variety ofcross-section shapes (flat or furrowed andseveral furrow spacings). These studiesprovide information on expected values ofinfiltration and roughness parameterstypical of cracking clay soils in the NileDelta, as well as guidelines andrecommendations for use of long-levelbasins in Egypt.     

基于电磁感应数据的电导率反演模型研究

【目的】土壤盐渍化是限制新疆南部棉花高产的主要因子,准确获取区域尺度土壤剖面盐分信息。【方法】以南疆阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以田间尺度采集的30个不同盐渍化程度棉田的540个样点的0~0.375、0~0.750、0~1.000 m的土壤剖面电导率数据和对应的电磁感应数据为数据源,采用线性模型和非线性模型分别构建了田间尺度和区域尺度的土壤剖面电导率的电磁感应反演模型,并采用缩减建模样本量方法进一步检验了区域尺度模型的可靠性和稳定性。【结果】多元线性回归(MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和主成分回归(PCR)建模方法的田间尺度模型R²在0.88~0.95,而对应的区域尺度模型R²在0.34~0.53。基于随机森林(RF)、神经网络(NN)和支持向量机(SVM)非线性建模方法构建的土壤剖面电导率的区域尺度电磁感应反演模型R²在0.60~0.85,其中RF模型的精度最高。0~0.375、0~0.750、0~1.000 m土壤剖面电导率的RF反演模型R²分别为0.80、0.85和0.84,相较于线性建模方法的区域尺度模型精度有明显的提高。RF区域尺度模型的样本数量由540个缩减到240个,模型精度没有明显变化,表明采用区域尺度模型,可大幅度降低土壤剖面样本采集数量,从而可显著提高采样效率和降低采样成本。【结论】区域尺度下构建土壤剖面电导率反演模型时,随机森林建模方法效果较优,模型预测能力具有较高的可靠性。     

振动式农业土壤切削挖掘技术研究现状与展望

在土壤的耕作、深松、根茎类作物挖掘等作业过程中,普遍存在着挖掘切削阻力大、耗能高的问题。为了解决这些问题,国内外相关学者采用了多种方法和途径来改善土壤机具的切削挖掘阻力,振动式土壤切削挖掘方式也是一种重要的降低阻力的途径。为此,对国内外研究者在振动式农业土壤切削挖掘领域的理论和试验研究进行了阐述,分析了振动式挖掘方式的减阻机理,分别对强迫式和自激式两种振动方式下在农业土壤中典型的应用研究进行了综述,指出了相关研究的优点和不足,并对振动挖掘技术在土壤作业领域的前景进行了展望分析。     

农机深松铲材料的研究现状及进展

深松铲是深松机的核心部件,其性能代表着深松技术水平。综述了目前国内外深松铲材料的研究现状,介绍了制备深松铲所采用的主要材料及其耐磨技术研究情况,以期为深松铲材料的发展及应用提供可借鉴的思路和参考。     

插入式滴灌管局部阻力相邻影响研究

为研究插入式滴头局部阻力间的相互影响,以16插入式滴灌管为研究对象,设置6种滴头间距进行灌水试验,同时采用CFD模拟并分析验证。在此基础上对20滴灌管进行了模拟研究。结果表明:滴头局部阻力相邻影响系数模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合;滴头局部阻力相邻影响系数随滴头间距的减小而减小;滴头前后扰动范围和流速分布的变化是滴头局部阻力产生相邻影响的主要原因;滴灌设计中,当滴头间距小于0.5 m时,应考虑滴头局部阻力间的相邻影响,相邻影响系数取值范围为0.9~1.0。     

甜（辣）椒耐低温弱光品种筛选方法初探

通过在不同的低温弱光条件下，对８个代表性品种的冷害发生发展规律的研究，初步确定：１５℃／５℃（昼／夜）、光照强度４０００ｌｘ、光照时间８ｈ、处理１５天，是耐低温弱光品种的适宜选择压力。在此条件下，耐低温品种不出现伤害症状和落叶现象，叶片生长速度快；不耐低温品种生长缓慢，落叶严重，且生长点呈黑褐色，以至干枯。品种间差异显著。同时，耐低温品种叶片叶绿素含量增加，而不耐低温品种叶绿素含量下降。这一结果为进一步完善耐低温弱光品种的鉴定方法提供可靠的依据