黄渤海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体渔业生物学特征研究

利用2016年4-5月、2017年4月在黄、渤海调查采集的350尾蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)繁殖群体的生物学数据,对该繁殖群体的生物学特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:该繁殖群体的叉长范围为406～1010 mm,体重范围为533～7245 g,年龄组成为1～10龄,其中1龄与2龄个体分别占总数的39.2%与33.7%。采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程表示其生长特性,生长参数分别为L_∞=1246.9mm,K=0.11;雌雄性比为1:1.49,3龄前雄性个体数占优势,3龄后雌性个体数占优势。蓝点马鲛的产卵期在4～6月,产卵盛期为4～5月;其绝对繁殖力范围为9.2～127.5万粒/尾,平均50.5万粒/尾;绝对繁殖力随着年龄、叉长的上升逐渐增大,7龄后出现衰退现象。蓝点马鲛的优势饵料生物为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、细鳌虾(Leptochela gracilis)。与历史记录比较,蓝点马鲛低龄化、小型化现象更加突出,摄食结构改变,繁殖期提前,繁殖力水平有减小的趋势。     

Broodstock spawning and larviculture of whiting (Merlangius merlangus L.) reared in captivity

In recent years, an increasing interest in the farming of marine ‘white’ fish, such as cod, has been observed in the aquaculture industry. One species being considered for aquaculture development is whiting (Merlangius merlangus L.). With little data being available on the domestication of this species, our study aimed to characterize spawning behaviour and rhythmicity in captive broodstock and provide original data on egg incubation, embryonic development and larval rearing. The results observed through video recording showed that spawning mainly occurred at night with active courtship behaviour. Daily egg batches were collected from two separate spawning seasons, with an average fertilization success declining from 77% to 53%. Time to hatch was inversely related to the incubation temperature and occurred after 78 degree‐days (9 days at 8 °C), with emerging larvae ranging in size from 3.3 to 3.46 mm total length and hatch success ranging from 48.3% to 99.9%. In comparison with a clear water environment, a green water regime during the first days of larval rearing significantly improved larval growth and survival. These results are the first to describe spawning activity, early development and larval performances in whiting and are promising for the potential future development of whiting aquaculture.     

Observations on growth, sexual maturity and spawning performance of pond-reared Penaeus merguiensis

This 12‐month preliminary study investigated the development of sexual characters, primary sexual maturity, ovarian maturity and spawning performance of pond‐reared Penaeus merguiensis in relation to culture conditions in south‐east Queensland, Australia. Post‐larvae of P. merguiensis were produced and cultured in two 60‐m³ tanks during the first 14 weeks. Before winter, they were harvested and stocked in three different overwintering facilities: a 200‐m² covered pond, two 60‐m³ outdoor tanks and a 15‐m³ indoor, recirculated tank at a stocking density of 10 individuals m^?2. The development of sexual characters was found to be similar to that reported previously in wild P. merguiensis. Males matured at younger ages and smaller sizes than females. Overall, the average size at primary sexual maturity of pond‐reared P. merguiensis was 23.1 mm carapace length for males (possessed spermatophores) and 29.3 mm for females (being impregnated). Water temperature and the availability of natural food strongly influenced prawn growth, maturity rate and their subsequent spawning performance. Growth, maturity rate and spawning performance of prawns in the covered pond were significantly higher than in the other overwintering facilities. Prawns started mating at 6–7 months, reached full ovarian maturation and spawned as early as about 8 (peaked at 9–11) months from hatching, producing high fecundity and viable larvae. There was a strong relationship (P < 0.001) between prawn size and fecundity. The results of this study suggest a potential for using pond‐reared broodstock P. merguiensis for hatchery production and for domestication or selective breeding programmes.     

水稻条斑病细菌类Harpin蛋白的纯化与特性研究

 用硫酸铵沉淀、制备等电聚焦电泳、阴离子交换层析等方法从水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xooc) RS105菌株突变体M51菌体破碎液中纯化出可激发烟草产生过敏性反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的蛋白类物质,分子量约为25.5 kDa。该物质与梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora))的HarpinEa和水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)的Harpin_Xoo具有相似的生物活性和理化特性:可激发烟草产生典型的HR反应;对热稳定,对蛋白酶K敏感;RNA转录抑制剂放线菌素D、蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚铵和钙离子通道阻断剂氯化镧能够抑制该物质激发烟草产生HR;该物质具有诱导烟草抗TMV的功能。据此,将该物质命名为类Harpin蛋白(Harpin-like protein,HLP_Xooc)。     

Climate‐induced vulnerability of fisheries in the Coral Triangle: Skipjack Tuna thermal spawning habitats

We investigated projected changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and the associated impacts on spawning habitat for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Coral Triangle region (CT). A multimodel aggregate of SST CMIP5 models for the CT region, based on a comprehensive skill validation assessment, was used to identify the five best performing of 36 models tested for inclusion in a regional multimodel ensemble. Monthly 1° SST multimodel aggregate projections for the CT region under RCP8.5 show that increases in SST, as high as 2.8°C (mean value), will likely occur by the end of this century. Using these estimates of SST change, we applied three parameterizations of skipjack tuna spawning temperatures to assess the potential for change in spawning habitat within the CT region. The three spawning temperature parameterizations were as follows: (a) a square‐wave function derived from catch data with boundaries at 26 and 30°C; (b) a symmetric Gaussian function derived from the SEAPODYM models; and (c) an asymmetric Gaussian function that modifies the SEAPODYM curve in (b) to include the results of relevant physiological experiments. All three parameterizations show similar geographic patterns, with the amount of favourable spawning habitat decreasing throughout the central, equatorial CT region and increasing at higher latitudes. However, the three parameterizations show marked differences in the modelled magnitude of change, with an asymmetric Gaussian function (ASGF) showing a regionwide average of 66.1% decline in favourable spawning habitat between 2015 and 2099. These projected changes in tuna spawning habitats are likely to have important consequences on local and regional fisheries management in the CT region.     

青枯病原细菌无毒菌株诱导番茄防御酶系及粗提液抑菌活性的影响

 用紫外诱变法获得的青枯无毒菌株诱导番茄,研究了诱导番茄细胞内防御酶系及组织粗提液抑菌活性的影响。结果表明:番茄经无毒菌株处理后,体内与抗病反应相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等防御酶系活性均显著增加。无毒菌株可诱导产生植株体外和体内对致病菌有抑制作用的抑菌物质。表明青枯无毒菌株产生诱导抗性的机制可能是激活了植物本身的抗病代谢过程。     

Egg and larval quality,and egg fatty acid composition of Eurasian perch breeders (Perca fluviatilis) fed different dietary DHA/EPA/AA ratios

In Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), the variability in spawning quality is a major limiting factor for successful production, especially when breeders are fed with an artificial diet. The influence of the dietary DHA/EPA/AA ratio on the egg and larval quality and on the fatty acid and lipid class composition of eggs has been investigated in perch broodstock. Two experimental diets (16% lipids) with two different DHA/EPA/AA ratios, D1 (3/2/2) and D2 (23/9/1), were compared with a natural diet consisting of cultured carp juveniles, CC (10/10/1) and with a commercial diet for salmonids, CDS (14/16/1). Percentages of fertilization and hatching were comparable between fish fed D1, D2 and CC, with the highest hatching rate observed for D1 (63.5 ± 3.8%). These diets supported better values than the CDS. Larval survival and TL50 observed after osmotic stress were higher for the D1 group, followed by larvae produced by fish fed D2 and CC. Larvae from fish fed D1, D2 and CC were significantly more robust than larvae from the CDS group. Differences were observed regarding the fatty acid (FA) profile in the eggs, which was related to the dietary FA composition. The results indicate that a ratio of 3/2/2 seemed to be effective for obtaining eggs and larvae of good quality.     

处理时间对农杆菌介导甘蓝转化中抗性芽分化率的影响

以甘蓝下胚轴为材料,研究根癌农杆菌转化过程中预培养、感染、共培养各阶段中处理时间对出愈率和抗性芽分化率的影响。结果表明,不同阶段处理时间对甘蓝的出愈率和转化效率有明显的影响,甘蓝转化过程中预培养、感染、共培养的最佳处理时间分别为36h、5min、48h。     

草酸青霉菌果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗黑星病研究

 本文就草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum)的固态发酵提取产物--果胶酶粗酶液诱导黄瓜对黑星病(Cladosporium cucumerinum)的抗性进行了研究。以果胶酶粗酶液喷雾处理4个感黑星病黄瓜品种的黄化苗,48 h后挑战接种黑星病菌孢子悬液,其中"中农5号"黄瓜品种表现的诱导抗病效果最好,诱抗效果达62.51%。不同浓度果胶酶诱导处理黄瓜,发现果胶酶浓度在20 U/mL时,可导致黄瓜发病略高于对照;在40~200 U/mL浓度范围内,诱导效果较为明显。通过研究果胶酶诱导抗病的时效性,表明诱导处理前接种病菌或诱导处理后0、6 h接种的各处理病情指数与对照间没有差别,而诱导处理12~72 h后接种病菌的,果胶酶的诱导抗病效果均很明显,诱抗效果达29.64%~60.02%。实验还表明,随着挑战接种压力的增大,果胶酶的诱导抗病效果降低。果胶酶不能抑制黑星病菌孢子萌发,相反可以促进孢子萌发和芽管生长。     

草酸处理对厚皮甜瓜采后病害及果实品质的影响

研究了草酸处理对"银帝"甜瓜采后病害及果实品质的影响.结果表明:在25 mmol/L至200 mmol/L的处理浓度范围内,以50 mmol/L处理对损伤接种Trichothecium roseum的抑制效果最好,更高浓度(100、200mmol/L)处理并未进一步提高抑制效果,也未对果实产生药害.在1 min至15 min的浸泡时间范围内,以10 min和15 min处理对损伤接种T.roseum的效果较好.草酸处理诱导了果实损伤接种T.roseum的系统获得抗病性(SAR),并且处理后48 h至96 h损伤接种T.roseum可使果实的防卫能力达到最大.草酸处理显著降低了果实损伤接种3种主要采后病原物的病斑直径;延缓了果实贮藏期间硬度和可溶性固形物(SSC)含量的下降.