The Use of Trypanocides and Antibiotics by Maasai Pastoralists

Information was collected on the use of veterinary drugs by Maasai pastoralists in an area of Kenya where tsetse flies and trypanosomosis occur. Three herds of cattle were followed for between 4 and 5 years and records were kept of every veterinary drug treatment given by the livestock owners. Almost all treatments were either with the trypanocides homidium or diminazene, or with oxytetracycline by intramuscular injection. The rate of trypanocide use varied between 0.66 and 1.56 treatments per animal per year, while oxytetracycline use was between 0.20 and 1.00 treatments per animal per year. Farmers were injecting these drugs in the absence of veterinary supervision, obtaining their supplies mainly from local village shops or informal traders. Underdosing with trypanocides appeared to be uncommon and the indications were that farmers generally gave the drugs at dosage rates above the recommended standard dose. Accurate information on the dose rates of oxytetracycline could not be obtained, but it was noted that in most cases farmers gave a single injection rather than a course of treatment. In a proportion of cases, trypanocides and antibiotics were mixed together before injection. The farmers administered the drugs when disease was recognized and were rarely using trypanocides as prophylactics. Although necessity forces the livestock owners to obtain and use these drugs without veterinary supervision, there are concerns with regard to the possibility of drug misuse and the development of drug resistance.     

Vinblastine and prednisolone chemotherapy for surgically excised grade III canine cutaneous mast cell tumours

The effect of treatment with vinblastine and prednisolone chemotherapy in dogs undergoing only surgical excision of Patnaik grade III cutaneous mast cell tumours is reported. Potential explanatory variables were explored using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log‐rank tests. During a median follow‐up period of 429 days, the overall median survival time (MST) was not reached (lower 95% CI = 322 days). The 1‐year survival probability was 0.71 (standard error 0.1), remaining unchanged at 2 years. Secondary disease at presentation was an independent risk factor for survival (P= 0.045). The MST of dogs presenting with secondary disease was 322 days, with a lower 95% confidence interval of 142 days and a 1‐year survival of probability of 0.47 (standard error 0.19). Adverse effects were recorded in 6 of the 108 (5.6%) vinblastine doses given. This chemotherapy regimen is a well‐tolerated adjunct to surgery for grade III mast cell tumours and appears to prolong survival compared with that expected with surgery alone.     

46个麻疯树半同胞家系试验初报

46个麻疯树半同胞家系试验表明,在相同种植管理条件下,不同家系间、家系内的平均树高、冠幅、分枝数、结实量有极显著差异。经多重比较分析可知,家系159,114,119及131号各性状指标均较好,可入选为早期表现优良的家系。以树高和冠幅大于2.0 m、结果数量大于120颗、种子千粒质量大于500 g为标准进行优良单株初选,共选出13株优良单株,可做为进一步无性系测定或育种的材料。     

我国城乡居民消费差异-基于四变量误差修正模型的实证分析

利用中国1991—2008年时间序列数据,分析中国城镇和农村地区居民消费差异,所使用的分析方法包括ADF平稳性检验,协整检验以及四变量误差修正模型,Chow检验。分析结果表明,中国城镇和农村地区同时存在消费与收入的长期均衡关系,消费物价水平的上升及政府补贴政策对提高城乡居民收入弹性有间接的正向效应,其中对城镇居民收入弹性的正向效应大于农村居民,另外城乡居民的消费行为存在结构稳定性。     

Prospective trial of metronomic chlorambucil chemotherapy in dogs with naturally occurring cancer

The purpose of this study was to assess the toxicoses and antitumor activity of metronomic chlorambucil at a dosage of 4 mg m(-2) daily in dogs with naturally occurring cancer. Thirty-six dogs were enrolled in the study. The protocol was well tolerated with no grade 3 or 4 toxicoses noted. Complete remission was achieved, and lasted over 35 weeks in three dogs (mast cell tumour, soft tissue sarcoma and thyroid carcinoma). Partial remission was noted in 1 dog with histiocytic sarcoma (39 weeks duration) for an overall remission rate of 11% (4 of 36). Stable disease was noted in 17 dogs (47%) with various other cancers. The median progression-free interval was 61 days, and the median survival time was 153 days. Chlorambucil given in a metronomic protocol showed antitumor activity in dogs with a variety of naturally occurring cancers.     

双季稻旺壮重栽培法的理论与技术

提出并论述了适合于中国南方双季稻区推广应用的旺壮重栽培法的理论与技术,指出中秆大穗品种比矮秆多穗品种更具有高产潜力,对于中秆大穗水稻的栽培以提高个体质量比增加群体数量更具有增产潜力。     

奶牛个体识别方法及其应用研究进展

为了解个体识别在奶牛生产中记录产奶量、监控采食活动、监测卧床行为、追踪活动轨迹以及其他生产项目中的研究现状,以"奶牛"、"个体识别"、"识别方法"和"生产应用"为关键词,对2008—2018年的文献进行检索,并根据识别过程的不同特点对三类识别方法,即人工机械识别、接触式电子识别和图像生物识别进行归纳和总结并对识别方法、现代化生产应用以及国内进展等3个方面进行归纳和总结。结果表明:1)生物识别技术相较于传统方法对奶牛个体的伤害较小,可以在很多方面克服环境的干扰。2)目前智能识别技术与奶牛行为活动监测相关联,可以全面掌握个体健康状况和生产性能。3)国内在计算机视觉方面取得了长足的进步,为个体的智能化识别打下了坚实基础。今后个体识别技术研究应该着重于提高对环境的适应性和系统的兼容性,为建立完整的自动化奶牛监测体系提供依据。     

内蒙古西伯利亚杏核仁表型变异及优株选择

[目的]以西伯利亚杏优良单株为选择目标,结合地理生态因子对核仁表型和成分性状的变异规律进行研究,明确内蒙古西伯利亚杏核仁形态及成分的变异特点和地理变异规律,并在此基础上进行不同类型优良单株的选择。[方法]结合单株产量高、生长势好等指标,对来自内蒙古地区的10个西伯利亚杏种源中筛选出的217个单株的核纵径、核横径、核侧径、核壳厚、核形指数、核干质量、仁纵径、仁横径、仁侧径、仁形指数、仁干质量、出仁率、产仁量、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、苦杏仁苷等16个形态及成分性状进行方差分析、多重比较、相关分析、聚类分析、主成分分析,筛选不同类型的优良单株。[结果]表明:(1)西伯利亚杏各性状存在较大变异,变异范围为8.94%68.27%,核形态的变异系数(16.87%)大于仁成分(14.61%)和仁形态(14.14%),质量和成分性状的变异程度高于大小和形状指数。(2)产仁量、仁干质量、出仁率、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、苦杏仁苷等主要经济性状在种源间差异极显著,将种源分为5类,第Ⅰ类群产仁量高、仁大;第Ⅱ类群出仁率高,粗蛋白含量高;第Ⅲ类群粗脂肪和苦杏仁苷含量高;第Ⅳ类群各项指标都较低;第Ⅴ类群产仁量高、粗脂肪和苦杏仁苷含量高。(3)核、仁性状之间存在广泛的相关性,且产仁量、苦杏仁苷、粗脂肪分别与纬度、经度、年平均气温密切相关。(4)前6个主成分贡献率达到80.716%,按5%入选率分别筛选出9种类型的优良单株各11株,各类型优株主成分得分值的现实增益为146.12%199.22%,具有显著的优异性。[结论]内蒙古西伯利亚杏在广泛且多样的地理环境中形成了丰富的核仁表型和成分的变异,且不同种源以及不同个体间存在极显著差异;利用主要经济性状对种源进行了聚类分析,得到5个具有不同经济特征的育种类群;主要经济性状与表型以及地理环境因素密切相关。     

中华绒螯蟹在“蟹龙宫”饲养环境中的个体蜕壳与生长

分析"蟹龙宫"饲养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在一个蜕壳周期的蜕壳与生长情况。结果发现:"蟹龙宫"饲养中华绒螯蟹蜕壳后体质量平均增长率为33.19%,头胸甲长、头胸甲宽和体高的平均增长率为12.12%～14.97%,平均蜕壳间期为59.35 d。蜕壳前平均肥满度达60.84%,头胸甲的色度值(RGB)平均为109.17,蜕皮激素(EH)含量达14.18 IU/mL。试验河蟹在蜕壳前生长性状、EH含量和蜕壳间期长短与蜕壳后的增长率不存在显著相关性(P0.05)。在"蟹龙宫"的个体养殖系统中,中华绒螯蟹的肥满度达60%,蜕皮激素含量升至14 IU/mL时会启动蜕壳。     

淡紫拟青霉不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵寄生率三种处理方法的比较

利用来自不同地域的淡紫拟青霉的13个菌株，分别用其孢子液处理南方根结线虫分散卵粒、菌丝处理分散卵粒、孢子液处理卵囊以评价淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫的寄生性。在被试所有菌株中，同一菌株三种不同方法对根结线虫卵的寄生率相比，孢子液处理卵囊均明显高于其他两种处理。不同菌株对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率有很大的差异。三种处理方法结果显示618号菌株寄生率均为最高。菌株对卵的寄生率与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。