内锥间接测量中误差传递规律的分析

本文根据误差理论，阐述了内锥间接测量法中，各个直接测量量与间接测量量测量误差的传递关系．并指出影响函数误差的主要因素。     

便携式水产品四环素含量检测装置研制

针对水产品四环素残留的便捷化精准检测难题,该研究研制了一种四环素含量检测的便携式直读光电化学装置,并探究了装置用于鱼肉四环素残留检测的可行性。装置分别以LED和STC89C52单片机为激发光源和控制核心,利用设计的光源暗室避免外源光照对检测结果的影响。测试结果表明,LED激发光源的输出信号稳定,装置对于光电流信号的采集具有较好的准确性。进一步基于丝网印刷电极构建光电化学适配体传感器,采用所研制装置对信号进行采集与处理,最终以OLED显示器直接读取抗生素浓度信息。该方法对于四环素检测的线性范围为1×10^-11～1×10^-8mol/L,检测限为3×10^-12 mol/L,具有较好的选择性,且对于鱼肉四环素残留检测的回收率为92%～94%,为水产品四环素的精准现场分析提供了新的方法与途径。     

Potential responses of vegetation to atmospheric aerosols in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia

Changes in atmospheric aerosols have profound effects on ecosystem productivity, vegetation growth and activity by directly and indirectly influencing climate and environment conditions. However, few studies have focused on the effects of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation growth and activity in the vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions, which are also the source areas of aerosols. Using the datasets of aerosol optical depth(AOD), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and multiple climatic variables including photosynthetically active radiation(PAR), surface solar radiation(SSR), surface air temperature(TEM) and total precipitation(PRE), we analyzed the potential responses of vegetation activity to atmospheric aerosols and their associated climatic factors in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia from 2005 to 2015. Our results suggested that areas with decreasing growing-season NDVI were mainly observed in regions with relatively sparse vegetation coverage, while AOD tended to increase as NDVI decreased in these regions. Upon further analysis, we found that aerosols might exert a negative influence on vegetation activity by reducing SSR, PAR and TEM, as well as suppressing PRE in most arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. Moreover, the responses of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation activity varied among different growing stages. At the early growing stage, higher concentration of aerosol was accompanied with suppressed vegetation growth by enhancing cooling effects and reducing SSR and PAR. At the middle growing stage, aerosols tended to alter microphysical properties of clouds with suppressed PRE, thereby restricting vegetation growth. At the late growing stage, aerosols exerted significantly positive influences on vegetation activity by increasing SSR, PAR and TEM in regions with high anthropogenic aerosols. Overall, at different growing stages, aerosols could influence vegetation activity by changing different climatic factors including SSR, PAR, TEM and PRE in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. This study not only clarifies the impacts of aerosols on vegetation activity in source areas, but also explains the roles of aerosols in climate.     

仙台病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

以纯化pQE31表达的融合蛋白仙台病毒EP（S）为诊断抗原、融合蛋白FP（S）免疫鼠血清为阳性抗体,建立了小鼠仙台病毒抗体检测的间接ELJSA诊断方法。该抗原FP（S）不与其他常见的小鼠病毒（小鼠肝炎病毒、鼠痘病毒、小鼠肺炎病毒和呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型）的阳性缸清发生交叉反应,批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数均小于7％,与中国药品生物制品检定所的试剂盒符合率为98％。本研究建立的检测仙台病毒抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法,有很好的特异性和敏感性,为仙台病毒的抗体的检测提供了一种快速、简便的血清学诊断方法。     

Developments in breeding cereals for organic agriculture

The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weed competition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels.     

我国农田土壤污染的环境成本分析

从粮食减产及质量下降的直接损失和生物多样性降低的间接损失2个方面,计量了我国农田土壤污染的环境成本。结果表明,1990~2005年我国粮食生产造成的农田土壤污染的环境成本约为208.54亿元/a,其中粮食减产及质量下降的直接损失为21.61亿元/a,农田生物多样性降低的间接损失为186.93亿元/a。     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白间接ELISA诊断方法的建立和应用

以纯化的原核表达的猪圆环病毒2型（PCV-2）重组结构蛋白（rCap蛋白）为包被抗原,建立PCV-2间接ELISA诊断方法;对抗原最适包被浓度、待检血清稀释浓度、重组抗原包被条件、封闭液的筛选、阴阳性临界值等条件进行了优化;对优化后的ELISA检测方法进行特异性试验、临床应用试验;组装试剂盒并进行试剂盒保存期试验。优化反应条件后确定的抗原最适包被浓度为2.815 μg/mL,抗原最佳包被条件为37 ℃ 2 h;血清最适稀释度为1∶40,酶标抗体最适稀释度为1∶500,最佳封闭液为1% BSA;阴阳性临界值判定标准为D450 nm≥0.33,判为阳性,D450 nm＜0.33,判为阴性。特异性试验结果表明,只有PCV-2阳性血清反应后的D450 nm＞0.33,包括抗PCV-1阳性血清在内的其他5种抗血清反应后的D450 nm＜0.33,说明所建立的ELISA方法具有良好的特异性。经对临床疑似PCV-2感染的100份血清样品进行检测,阳性检出率为69%。组装试剂盒在4 ℃条件下至少可保存12个月以上,说明所建立的诊断方法可以在生产中大量推广应用。本研究成功建立了能特异性检测抗PCV-2血清抗体的ELISA检测方法。     

水杨酸和水杨酸甲酯在植物抗虫中的作用及机制研究进展

本文综述了水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)、水杨酸甲酯(Methyl salicylate,MeSA)的生物合成途径、激活植物防御基因的表达而产生抗虫毒素或酶类、诱导植物释放互利素引诱天敌的研究进展,展望了SA和MeSA在虫害治理中的研究和应用前景。     

羊群绵羊肺炎支原体抗体间接ELISA 检测方法的建立

利用绵羊肺炎支原体国际标准株Y-98,制备全细胞抗原,作为包被抗原,建立了一种间接ELISA方法。对4个不同羊场进行了血清学调查,确定了MoP抗体阳性率各为90%、70%、83.3%和73.9%。同间接血凝试验和鼻腔拭子培养结果相比,间接ELISA方法更加特异敏感,检出率更高,从而对该病的诊断和免疫程序的制定具有重要意义。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎重组亚单位疫苗诱导小鼠免疫保护效果的观察

重组表达猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌6种主要毒力因子基因:apxⅠ、apxⅡ、apxⅢ、apxⅣ、apfa和omp,以重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢ和rOMP组合免疫小鼠作为试验I组,重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢr、OMPr、ApxⅣ和rApfa组合免疫小鼠作为试验Ⅱ组,PBS为对照组,分3次免疫小鼠,采用背部皮下多点注射,每次间隔2周,免疫剂量为0.2 mL/只,3免后1周分别以APP1型菌Shope 4074株(5×109cfu)和APP2型菌S1536株(5×1010cfu)进行攻毒试验。通过小鼠保护率与抗体效价的相关性研究、肺部病理变化及肺脏细菌的分布情况等指标进行综合评价。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组4种重组蛋白特异性抗体水平显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),对APP1型菌攻毒的保护率(9/10)明显高于试验Ⅱ组(5/10)和对照组(0/8),小鼠的免疫保护率与抗体效价之间存在显著正相关;且该组对APP2型菌攻毒的保护作用(无肺脏损伤)也明显优于其它两组(典型肺部损伤)。间接免疫荧光试验表明试验Ⅰ组对肺脏细菌的清除效果也明显优于其他两组。本试验揭示试验Ⅰ组对不同血清型APP攻击能够提供很好的交叉保护作用,从而为猪传染性胸膜肺炎新型疫苗的研制提供参考。