血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度的双向选择对肉鸡腹脂、肝脂和产肉性能的影响

对零世代８周龄血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）浓度进行降低腹脂的间接选择，一世代取得了明显效果：腹脂和肝脂向两极分化，其中肌胃脂和肝脂选择反应较大。低血浆ＶＬＤＬ的选择使腹脂降低，肝脂增加，对产肉性状未产生不利影响。９周龄腹脂率、板油率和肌胃脂率在高ＶＬＤＬ系分别高于低ＶＬＤＬ系２１％，１６％和５１％；肌胃脂率品系间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。品系与性别互作对肌胃脂率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）。腹脂、肌胃脂存在性别差异，腹脂率雌性略高于雄性，而肌胃脂率雄性高于雌性。９周龄肝脂率，高ＶＬＤＬ系显著低于低ＶＬＤＬ系（Ｐ＜０．０１），雌性高于雄性。一世代８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ产生了直接选择反应，血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度，高ＶＬＤＬ系高于低ＶＬＤＬ系。血浆ＶＬＤＬ存在性别差异，雄性高于雌性。一世代高、低ＶＬＤＬ系血浆ＶＬＤＬ和腹脂的变异系数仍然很大，继续对其选择仍然有效。由于血浆ＶＬＤＬ属中等遗传力，并且家系间差异显著，因此，在世代选育中应采取家系结合个体选择法     

全钒液流电池运行条件对其性能影响的数值模拟研究

建立了适合全钒液流电池计算的电化学模型,并对部分电化学模型进行了简化;利用建立起来的电化学模型,数值模拟了在一个充放电循环过程中钒离子浓度、质子浓度、电流、温度与电解液流量对电堆性能的影响,数值模拟表明:电流越大,电堆的充放电时间越短,电堆的电压效率与能量效率越小;总钒离子浓度越大,电堆的充放电时间越长,电堆的电压效率与能量效率也越大;硫酸浓度、温度和电解液流量,不影响电堆的充放电时间,但影响电堆的电压效率与能量效率。     

Longevity of Mycobacterium bovis in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) carcasses,and contact rates between possums and carcasses

Abstract

AIM: To determine, for a variety of environmental conditions, how long Mycobacterium bovis might remain viable inside the carcass of a brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) that died of bovine tuberculosis (Tb), and to measure the rate of contact between free-ranging possums and possum carcasses.

METHODS: Lesions of M. bovis were simulated by inoculating excised spleens weighing 0.5–1 g with 0.2 mL liquid culture containing approximately 5 x 10⁷ cfu M. bovis/mL. Simulated lesions were inserted into possum carcasses (n=48) at the peripheral lymph nodes. Carcasses were placed in the field at two sites (a tussock grassland and a podocarp-broadleaved forest site) and in two seasons (summer and winter) for up to 62 days. Survival rates of M. bovis were estimated by sampling the simulated lesions over time, and culturing the recovered lesion to determine if any viable M. bovis bacteria were present.

The time taken for a free-ranging possum to first encounter a dead possum in its home range was estimated by live-trapping possums and fitting them with proximity loggers (n=13). A ‘contact’ was recorded if these possums came within 40–50 cm of proximity loggers fitted to possum carcasses.

RESULTS: There were strong seasonal and site effects in the survival rate of M. bovis in possum carcasses. In the grassland habitat, no viable bacilli were cultured from any carcass after 3 days in summer, whereas in winter all samples were culture-positive for the first 20 days, and some were still positive after 27 days. The survival rates for forest habitat were intermediate between the results for grassland, and there were no culture-positive carcasses after 9 days in summer or 27 days in winter.

In summer, infected carcasses (n=6) were first encountered by possums a mean 1.9 (range 0.4–6.7) days after placement.

CONCLUSIONS: Possum carcasses were contacted by free-ranging possums within the period that viable M. bovis were shown to survive in a carcass. The risk of such infection is likely to be most significant in winter or in areas with microhabitats where the survival of M. bovis is high. However, the generally low survival rate of M. bovis in possum carcasses and the low frequency of possum-to-carcass contacts indicate this route of transmission alone could not maintain Tb in a possum population.     

副猪嗜血杆菌间接ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制与应用

【背景】副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parasuis,HPS）是猪的上呼吸道病原菌,引起格拉瑟氏病,主要引起断奶前后和保育阶段的猪发病,通常见于5—8周龄的青年猪,发病率一般为10%—15%。该菌有15种血清型,目前主要养猪国家流行的血清型为4型、5型、12型和13型,是严重危害养猪业发展的主要细菌性病原之一。目前国内还没有检测该菌抗体的商品化试剂盒。【目的】研制一种针对副猪嗜血杆菌的快速、敏感和特异性强的抗体检测试剂盒,为格拉瑟氏病的有效防控提供技术支持。【方法】表达并纯化OppA、DppA、HbpA 3种不同的副猪嗜血杆菌ABC转运体周质底物结合蛋白,使用副猪嗜血杆菌阴、阳性参考血清筛选以上3种蛋白中免疫反应性和反应特异性好的蛋白。以筛选的蛋白为包被抗原,建立检测HPS抗体的间接ELISA方法,优化间接ELISA反应条件,并组装试剂盒。在此基础上,确定该试剂盒的敏感性、特异性;通过对不同时间、不同猪场采集的2 000份临床猪血清样本进行检测,评价该试剂盒的实用性;在以上临床血清样本中随机选取200份,分别以研制的试剂盒、间接血凝试验以及进口商品化试剂盒进行检测,比较检测结...     

植物叶片葡萄糖活体检测双通道传感器的制备及应用

【目的】制备植物叶片葡萄糖活体检测传感器,以实时检测植物体叶片的葡萄糖浓度,为了解霜霉病侵染黄瓜的抗病状态提供支持。【方法】采用双通道丝网印刷电极为基底电极,使用1 mg/mL氯金酸溶液在传感器表面生成金纳米颗粒用于提高其导电性及活性面积,将5 mg/mL壳聚糖和180 mg/mL葡萄糖氧化酶混合以提高酶的固载量和活性,滴加10%的Nafion水溶液以增加对阳离子的选择性并提高电极稳定性。在此基础上研制出一种适用于活体检测植物扁平叶片中葡萄糖浓度的双通道电化学传感器。采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱、红外光谱、循环伏安法及电化学阻抗谱,对所制备传感器进行形貌、结构及电化学的表征;基于优化条件,对所制备的葡萄糖传感器进行性能测试;进一步使用黄瓜果汁进行传感器的加标试验,并应用该传感器对正常与带菌斑黄瓜叶片的葡萄糖浓度进行测定和比较。【结果】所制备植物叶片葡萄糖活体检测传感器的形貌、结构及电化学表征结果显示电极制备成功,其对葡萄糖具有良好的催化效果,反应为扩散控制过程;所设计的植物活体叶片葡萄糖检测双通道传感器的线性检测范围为1～150 mmol/L,检出限为0.784 mmol/L。采用3种不同浓度黄瓜果汁进行加标回收试验,回收率为97.17%~103.05%,相对标准误差≤ 4.52%,表明该传感器准确可靠。应用所制备的传感器检测结果表明,在双通道检测条件下,正常黄瓜叶片和霜霉菌侵染黄瓜叶片在通道1的葡萄糖浓度分别为（8.03±0.96）和（28.71±2.03） mmol/L,在通道2的葡萄糖浓度分别为（12.15±1.46）和（25.57±1.81） mmol/L,霜霉菌侵染黄瓜叶片的葡萄糖浓度较相应正常叶片增长了257.53%（通道1之间）和110.45%（通道2之间）,表明不同生理条件下同种植物叶片的葡萄糖浓度因为霜霉菌侵染而存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;病斑区域葡萄糖浓度的检测结果还显示,通道1的葡萄糖浓度高于通道2,表明通道1检测的侵染区域抗病响应迅速,侵染区相应代谢物质会发生明显变化导致邻近区域的葡萄糖逐步出现积累。【结论】所制备的传感器能够检测植物在不同生理环境下的葡萄糖浓度,可为活体植物叶片葡萄糖的实时检测提供技术支持。     

ACQUISITION HARDWARE FOR DIGITAL IMAGING

Use of digital radiography is growing rapidly in veterinary medicine. Two basic digital imaging systems are available, computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DDR). Computed radiographic detectors use a two-step process for image capture and processing. Image capture is by X-ray sensitive phosphors in the image plate. The image plate reader transforms the latent phosphor image to light photons that are converted to an analog electrical signal. An analog to digital converter is used to digitize the electrical signal before computer analysis. Direct digital detectors provide digital data by direct readout after image capture—a reader unnecessary. Types of DDR detectors are flat panel detectors and charge coupled device (CCD) detectors. Flat panel detectors are composed of layers of semiconductors for image capture with transistor and microscopic circuitry embedded in a pixel array. Direct converting flat panel detectors convert incident X-rays directly into electrical charges. Indirect detectors convert X-rays to visible light, then to electrical charges. All flat panel detectors send a digitized electrical signal to a computer using a direct link. Charge coupled device detectors have a small chip similar to those used in digital cameras. A scintillator first converts X-rays to a light signal that is minified by an optical system before reaching the chip. The chip sends a digital signal directly to a computer. Both CR and DDR provide quality diagnostic images. CR is a mature technology while DDR is an emerging technology.     

Validation and standardization of virus neutralizing test using indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the quantification of antibodies to rabies virus

A virus neutralizing test using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique (VNT-IIP) for rabies has been developed for the titration of dog and cat serum samples in Japan. The VNT-IIP has the advantage that results obtained can be viewed by the naked eye. The purpose of this study was to validate the VNT-IIP and compare it with one of the international standard methods, the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVNT). The VNT-IIP showed satisfactory repeatability, high analytical specificity and good accuracy. Regarding the comparison between the VNT-IIP and the FAVNT, the VNT-IIP showed good agreement (91.9%), high sensitivity (92.8%) as well as specificity (87.0%) and good correlation (r = 0.92). As described above, the validation of the VNT-IIP was satisfactory and the performances of the test proved to be equivalent to those of an international standard method.     

应用血液生化指标进行山羊产绒量的间接选择

应用６项血液生化指标进行绒山羊产绒量间接选择的研究,结果表明：除血钙外,其余５项血液生化指标作为标记性状用于绒山羊产绒量的间接选择效果优于直接选择,其中以非蛋白氮、血清无机磷的效果最佳,分别是直接选择的１．６６８３倍和１．５７６３倍。     

Multi‐decadal climate and fishing predictors of abundance for U.S. South Atlantic coastal fishes and invertebrates

Abundance of marine stocks fluctuates in response to both internal processes (e.g., density dependence) and exogenous drivers, including the physical environment, fishing, and trophodynamic interactions. In the United States, research investigating ecosystem drivers has been focused in data‐rich systems, primarily in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. To develop a more holistic understanding of important ecosystem drivers in the Southeast U.S. continental shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, we applied generalized linear and dynamic linear modeling to investigate the effects of climate and fishing covariates on the relative abundance trends of 71 demersal fish and invertebrate species sampled by a coastal trawl survey during 1990–2013. For the assemblage as a whole, fishing effects predominated over climate effects. In particular, changes in trawling effort within the penaeid shrimp fishery governed abundance trends of bony fishes, invertebrates, and elasmobranchs, a likely result of temporal changes in bycatch mortality. Changes in trawling intensity induced changes in overall community composition and appear to have altered trophic interactions among particular species. Among climate indices investigated, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Western Bermuda High Index were most prevalent in well‐supported dynamic linear models. Observed annual abundance trends were synchronous among some taxonomically related species, highlighting similar responses to exogenous influences based on life history. This study strengthens the foundation for generating hypotheses and advancing ecosystem‐based fisheries research within the region.     

Application of morphometric measures in estimation of body weight and discrimination of Astyanax lacustris and Astyanax fasciatus

The objective of this study was to verify the direct and indirect correlation between morphometric measures, ratios, body weight and yield in two lambari species Astyanax lacustris and Astyanax fasciatus and whether the discriminant analysis is capable of separating and allocating the species. We used 102 lambari yellow tail and 60 lambari red tail. The fish were weighed and submitted to the evaluation of the morphometric measurements. The direct and indirect effects were evaluated by the method of track analysis, considering weight at slaughter, weight of body parts and body yields as dependent variables and measures and morphometric ratios as explanatory variables. Astyanax lacustris presented higher height and body width, carcass yield and trunk, while A. fasciatus presented higher head yield and viscera weight. The discriminant analysis was able to classify 79.5% of the two species. Track analysis demonstrated that the morphometric measurements can be used for estimation of body and body components’ weight in A. lacustris and A. fasciatus. However, regarding the corporal yield; the morphometric measures were insufficient to explain the yield variations of the species.