新型拌种剂对谷子生长及白发病发生的影响

白发病是影响谷子产量与品质的主要病害。为研究拌种剂对谷子生长及白发病发生的影响,本试验以感病谷子品种晋谷29和抗病品种汾选3号为材料,设置两个配方药剂(配方1:甲霜灵+代森锰锌+吡虫啉+磷酸二氢钾等,配方2:戊唑醇+吡虫啉+磷酸二氢钾等),分别以播种种子重量的0.1%,0.2%,0.3%药剂量进行干粉拌种,分析不同配方药剂在不同浓度下对谷子白发病发病率、农艺性状、功能叶叶面积、地上部干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,2个配方药剂拌种均能显著降低谷子白发病发病率且药剂浓度越高发病率越低。2个配方药剂拌种对谷子节数、穗粗无显著影响,随药剂浓度增加,茎粗、千粒重呈增大趋势,在0.1%浓度下株高、穗长均高于对照。各药剂处理下,顶三叶绿叶面积均小于对照,且随药剂浓度增加而减少。茎、叶、鞘、穗干重随药剂浓度增加呈降低趋势,0.1%浓度下均高于对照。2个配方药剂处理下产量均随药剂浓度增加而降低,药剂浓度为0.1%时感病品种晋谷29产量分别为4471.7和4420.6 kg/hm²,显著高于对照(4284.8 kg/hm²),其余各处理增产不明显。生产实践中,2个配方药剂拌种均能显著降低谷子白发病发病率,但总体上以配方2的0.1%浓度拌种效果更好。     

Reservoir‐Driven Heterogeneous Distribution of Recorded Human Puumala virus Cases in South‐West Germany

Endemic regions for Puumala virus (PUUV) are located in the most affected federal state Baden‐Wuerttemberg, South‐West Germany, where high numbers of notified human hantavirus disease cases have been occurring for a long time. The distribution of human cases in Baden‐Wuerttemberg is, however, heterogeneous, with a high number of cases recorded during 2012 in four districts (H districts) but a low number or even no cases recorded in four other districts (L districts). Bank vole monitoring during 2012, following a beech (Fagus sylvatica) mast year, resulted in the trapping of 499 bank voles, the host of PUUV. Analyses indicated PUUV prevalences of 7–50% (serological) and 1.8–27.5% (molecular) in seven of eight districts, but an absence of PUUV in one L district. The PUUV prevalence differed significantly between bank voles in H and L districts. In the following year 2013, 161 bank voles were trapped, with reduced bank vole abundance in almost all investigated districts except one. In 2013, no PUUV infections were detected in voles from seven of eight districts. In conclusion, the linear modelling approach indicated that the heterogeneous distribution of human PUUV cases in South‐West Germany was caused by different factors including the abundance of PUUV RNA‐positive bank voles, as well as by the interaction of beech mast and the proportional coverage of beech and oak (Quercus spec.) forest per district. These results can aid developing local public health risk management measures and early warning models.     

我国农药残留监管与标准体系建设

本文分别从法律法规、监管体系、标准体系和农产品质量安全水平四个方面阐述我国农药残留监管现状,从当前研究进展、标准制定情况和国际化进程等方面明确我国标准体系建设动态。指出目前我国农药残留状况持续好转,标准体系建设势头良好的同时,我国农药残留技术法规、监管效率、标准数量、风险评估、体系协调性和国际合作交流等方面仍需进一步加强和完善。展望我国农药残留发展需立足现实,通过借鉴国际经验,以法律为依据,以标准为中心,以农产品为单元,以农药为对象,全面推进农药残留标准体系建设,保证我国农产品质量安全和国民健康诉求。     

基于文献计量的我国农地重金属研究热点分析

检索了CNKI中国期刊全文数据库中2006—2016年的我国农地重金属相关文献,通过文献计量分析,初步探明了我国农地重金属的研究现状与趋势。结果表明,从2006年开始,我国农地重金属领域的发文量逐步增长,涉及到第一作者2114名,著录发文机构共635家。发文50篇及以上的机构4家,是本领域的主要研究机构,南京农业大学居首位。刊发本领域论文的期刊共569种,其中《农业环境科学学报》发文量超过100篇,位居榜首。被引频次排在前10的论文总被引频次为1443,被引频次最高的3篇论文分别刊登在《农业环境科学学报》《地理学报》《生态环境学报》上。重金属类型主要涉及到Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn等,其中涉及Cd污染的最多;我国土壤修复方式以植物修复居多,微生物修复和电动修复较少,原位修复较异位修复多;有关风险评价的论文177篇,涉及的重金属中Cd最多,涉及地区中湖南位居首位。近几年在农地重金属领域的研究主题主要集中在调查、污染评价、累积及化学转化。     

“十一五”至今广西农科院产业支撑能力分析研究

对广西农业科学研究院(简称广西农科院)产业支撑能力进行评价分析,为促进广西农科院科技成果转化和相关部门提供决策参考。通过实地调研和数据资料收集相结合的方法,系统分析广西农科院的产业支撑能力,对广西农科院科研成果发展方向及未来趋势进行预测,并提出相应对策与建议。"十一五"至今广西农科院科研成果不断增多,成果奖励从区内拓宽到区外,获奖层次有所提升;通过广西农作物品种审定的农作物成果数量不断增多,部分成果还通过国家农作物品种审定;论文发表数量和质量也不断提升。广西农科院应以广西"10+3"提升行动为目标,发展一些有代表性的现代特色农业产业,集成一批重大先进技术成果,育成一批具有自主知识产权和突破性的农业新品种,以提高成果创新能力和转化率。     

Land Cover Change Impacts on Beef Cattle Productivity under Changing Climate: Case of Ilemela and Magu Districts,Tanzania

The study focused on contributing to the spatial knowledge of the impacts of land cover changes on beef cattle production under a changing climate in rangelands of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), so as to establish a strategy for improving beef cattle production in the area. We used supervised classification of satellite imagery to analyze land cover changes between the years 1980–2000 and 2000–2010. Results revealed that for the periods 1980–2000 and 2000–2010, settlements increased by 1% and 8%, and cultivated area increased by 0.58% and 0.30%, respectively. Riverine vegetation declined by 0.26% and increased by 0.16%, and woodlands declined by 6% and 13% respectively. The trend of beef cattle numbers against rainfall and pasture area (riverine vegetation and woodland) over the study period 1980–2010 showed a non-significant trend of increasing rainfall in the study area. In Ilemela District, pasture area and beef cattle numbers declined by 33% and 4% respectively. In Magu District, beef cattle numbers increased by 64% and pasture area declined by 84%. This implies that the effect of urbanization is more severe in Ilemela than in Magu District. Land use planning, enhancing of mixed crop-livestock farming systems, intensification of livestock practices, forage conservation, planting of fodder trees, and matching of cattle numbers with pasture availability are recommended. In addition, education is needed on effective cattle farming as a strategy for improving beef cattle production in the face of land cover changes due to climate variability in the area.     

神农架林区华山松大小蠹扩散规律研究

为摸清神农架林区华山松大小蠹扩散规律。查阅了华山松大小蠹侵害的本底资料,分析了华山松大小蠹的发生趋势,研究了华山松大小蠹危害和海拔、年均高、低温的关系。结果表明:神农架林林区中西部,特别是高海拔地区危险性高,海拔1 822 m以上区域华山松大小蠹发生严重,海拔高度和疫情受害面积呈现正相关,拟合方程为Y=657.571 43+374.119 05 X-30.238 1 X~2,相关系数R~2为0.927 04,但不显著;年均高、低温和华山松大小蠹危害面积表现出相同的线性关系,年均低温在7~9℃,年均高温在16~20℃呈现正相关,多项式拟合方程Y=4.656 18E9-4.626 45E6 X+1 149.22685 X~2,相关系数为0.871 89。     

1961—2010年中国降水量变化分区及其区域特征

为研究中国近50 a(1961—2010年)降水量变化的空间分区及其区域特征,利用598个气象站1961—2010年逐旬降水资料,计算各站的降水量距平百分率,通过经验正交函数（ROF）和旋转经验正交函数（REOF）对降水量变化进行空间分析,进而对中国50 a降水量变化特征进行分区,同时采用线性趋势分析及5 a滑动平均分析方法,分析了全区及各个分区降水量变化特征。结果表明：根据1961—1990年、1971—2000年和1981—2010年3个时段可分别将中国分成12、11和11个降水量变化区。综合3个时间段降水量变化特征,可将中国分为江淮地区、东北中南部地区、中国北部地区、新疆地区、江南和华南东部地区、黄淮地区、西南地区东部和江南西部地区、东北北部地区、华南中西部、青藏地区、西南地区西部11个区域。通过降水量变化特征分析,近50 a中国降水呈现减少趋势,且存在区域差异。降水量减少幅度最大的是黄淮地区,气候倾向率为-13.9415 mm·10 a^-1,降水量增加幅度最大的是江南和华南东部地区,气候倾向率为23.2075 mm·10 a^-1。