退耕还草产业化技术经济效果评价方法探讨

以平凉市退耕还草产业化技术开发为例,以产业化系统链中各子系统间的功能协调统一为依据,以退耕还草产业化机制为纽带,在研究建立平凉市退耕还草产业化技术经济效果包括4个一级指标(基础指标、配套指标、服务指标和效益指标)和17个二级指标体系的基础上,采用层次分析法(AHP法)、隶属度函数法和综合效益指数法作为退耕还草产业化技术经济效果的评价方法.经比较得出:平凉市退耕还草产业化技术开发综合指数达到0.595 1,属初步产业化阶段,相对发展指数达到27.268%,年均产业化进步速度达到6.817%.     

不同饲用燕麦品种生产性能的综合评价

基于熵权赋权法,运用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联度法对26个燕麦品种的生产性能进行综合评价,结果表明,生产性能综合表现较好的是初岛燕麦、青永久409、青永久709及青永久316;青永久18综合评价值最低,生产性能最差,其余品种生产性能表现一般。经逐步回归分析,发现其中的绿叶数、叶长、茎叶比、鲜干比、生长速度、叶面积指数、相对生长速率及生长天数8个指标对饲用燕麦生产性能贡献显著。     

Evaluation of Brix Refractometry for the Estimation of Colostrum Quality in Jennies

Donkey placenta does not allow the passage of immunoglobulins; thus, foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic and an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum in the first 24 hours of life is crucial for the surviving. The study aims to assess the relation between colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration evaluated by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test and the Brix refractometer in donkeys to establish a cutoff value for high quality of colostrum based on Brix refractometry. Colostrum was collected at foaling, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after foaling from the left and the right half of nine Amiata jennies. A total of 72 colostrum samples were analyzed. A Friedman test with a Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons was used for assessing the differences between the left and right half at each sampling time. No differences were found between the left and right halves; the average value was used to analyze the effect of sampling time on the IgG concentrations and Brix values. The relationship between colostrum IgG concentrations (SRID test) versus Brix value and Brix value versus time was analyzed using two different mixed linear models. A strong statistically significant relation has been found between IgG concentrations and Brix values (R² = 0.84). The relation between IgG concentrations and Brix refractometer showed a cutoff point of 17% Brix score for the identification of high-quality colostrum. The Brix value (%) decreased continuously from 16.29 by 0.29 × hour. Jennies’ and donkey foals’ management may be greatly improved using this simple and cheap device.     

现有生物质能转换利用技术综合评价

本文介绍了生物质能转换利用的方法,对现有生物质能转换技术进行了比较,运用层次分析法从技术先进性、经济可行性和环境安全性三个方面对现有生物质能转换利用技术进行了综合评价,提出了生物质能转换利用技术的优先发展顺序和发展方向,为我国生物质能转换利用技术的发展和应用提供参考依据.     

Vaccination of Poultry Workers: Delivery and Uptake of Seasonal Influenza Immunization

Avian influenza is a highly infectious disease in poultry and although the risk of human infection is low, concerns exist that it could evolve into a new human strain of pandemic potential if reassortment with a human influenza virus occurs. In January 2007, the UK government introduced a programme to vaccinate poultry workers to reduce the potential of such an event. This study evaluates the delivery, uptake and costs of the programme in three counties of England. A questionnaire survey was completed by consultants in public health in all the Primary Care Trusts in Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in May 2007. The delivery of the programme varied between Primary Care Trusts, including being delivered in some cases by clinics in primary care, by general practitioners and occupational health services in others. The uptake of vaccination was low ranging from 7% to 29% at a cost of £29 to £132 per person vaccinated. Vaccination of poultry workers as a public health measure to prevent an influenza pandemic is likely to be ineffective with the level of coverage found in this evaluation in our region.     

Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings

Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.     

中药精液消毒剂的消杀效果及安全性评价研究

为了解新研制的中药精液消毒剂的消毒效果和安全性,本研究开展了体外抑菌杀毒和安全性综合评价实验。体外药效学实验显示:该消毒剂对大肠杆菌高敏,对门氏菌、禽巴氏杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均中敏,4种菌的体外MIC值分别为31.3、62.5、62.5和31.3 mg/mL;消毒剂按1∶400及以上浓度与新城疫病毒互作,可在5 min内对该病毒有100%杀灭率。安全性评价实验显示:该消毒剂的小鼠急性毒性LD50值>5000 mg/Kg,无毒性;对兔子的皮肤和眼睛染毒,无刺激;消毒剂按1∶10浓度及以下,对常温稀释保存的种公鸡精液中精子生存指数影响不大。临床应用实验显示:在冻融条件下,该消毒剂1∶10浓度组的种公鸡精液中精子存活率要显著高于其它试验组(P<0.01);消毒剂按1∶10浓度对种公鸡精液稀释消毒,种蛋受精率和孵化率都有明显提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:该消毒剂不仅对种公鸡精液中常见病原微生物具有较好的杀灭效果,而且安全无刺激、无毒,对种鸡繁育无不良影响。     

昆明地区几种混播草坪质量评价及组合优化

为优化、筛选适合昆明地区观赏及运动场草坪混播组合,对当地表现良好的草坪草进行混播建坪,在幼坪和成坪阶段分别观测相关指标,用模糊数学综合评判法评定草坪质量,按照5级分级法评定标准,评判结果为:Z5组合(草地早熟禾肯塔基60%+紫羊茅宝瑞40%),草坪质量较好,达到I级标准;Z4组合(草地早熟禾肯塔基70%+匍匐翦股颖普特30%)、Z1组合(草地早熟禾肯塔基40%+高羊茅红象30%+多年生黑麦草匹克威30%)、Z2组合(高羊茅红象80%+草地早熟禾肯塔基20%)和Z6组合(草地早熟禾优异25%+草地早熟禾蓝月25%+草地早熟禾新哥来德25%+草地早熟禾肯塔基25%),草坪质量尚可,达到Ⅲ级标准;Z3组合(草地早熟禾肯塔基50%+普通狗牙根30%+多年生黑麦草匹克威20%),草坪质量差,仅达到Ⅳ级标准。其中,Z1组合是运动场草坪的最优组合,Z5组合是观赏草坪的最优组合,其草坪质量综合评价值分别达到0.677和0.881,高于实际应用值0.600。     

番鸭细小病毒和鹅细小病毒二联弱毒细胞苗的研究

应用适应于番鸭胚成纤维细胞(MDEFC)上繁殖,并产生细胞病变的鹅细小病毒(GPV)弱毒疫苗株与番鸭细小病毒(MPV)弱毒疫苗,按适当比例混合,试制了MPV-GPV二联弱毒细胞苗,并测定了各项免疫指标.结果显示试制出的二联苗对1日龄雏番鸭具有良好的安全性和遗传稳定性;免疫后5 d和7 d攻击GPV强毒,保护率分别为75%和100%,同时免疫后7 d血清中MPV-胶乳凝集抑制(LPAI)抗体效价均大于21,21～28 d抗体达高峰,有效免疫期超过60 d.疫苗于-20℃保存期大于12个月.上述结果表明,二联弱毒细胞苗安全有效.