中草药、益生素和抗生素对猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响比较试验

本试验旨在比较中草药、益生素和抗生素对生长猪生产性能和免疫功能的影响。试验选取15kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪90头,随机分为抗生素组、0.2%益生素组和0.2%中草药组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,试验时间28d。结果表明:(1)与抗生素组相比,益生素及中草药组的日增重提高、料重比降低(P>0.05);(2)中草药组的IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4含量和益生素组的IgG含量均显著提高(P<0.05)。结论:在生长猪日粮中添加0.2%益生素或中草药能够促进动物生长,提高免疫功能,效果优于抗生素。     

中药免疫抑制剂的研究现状及临床应用

目前临床上常用的免疫抑制药物如激素、环磷酰胺、环孢菌素等的毒副作用较大,且不能从根本上控制疾病的发生和发展，而中药免疫抑制剂应用免疫耐受机理,具有毒副作用小、疗效好等特点,故广泛应用于临床。作者对近年来有关中药免疫抑制作用的基础研究及临床作用作一综述，就其研究过程中存在的不足及发展趋势提出自己的见解，为今后中药免疫抑制剂的研究开发提供参考。     

紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨在饲粮中添加不同水平紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响,本试验选用体重、产蛋率基本一致的48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡480只,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%的紫苏籽提取物,试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物均能降低料蛋比,但差异不显著(P0.05),4组间日均采食量、破软蛋率无显著差异(P0.05),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和日均产蛋量(P0.01);2)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中孕酮(第15天)和雌二醇(第15和30天)的含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著降低蛋鸡血清中睾酮含量(P0.01);3)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量(P0.01),添加0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)含量(P0.01)。由此可知,饲粮中紫苏籽提取物添加水平为0.03%时,能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期产蛋率、日均产蛋量和免疫功能。     

八珍汤对乳牛产后免疫状态的影响

为了探索提高乳牛产后期免疫状态的新方法，对试验乳牛分4组（产前第30d至产前第1d灌喂组、产前第15d至产后第15d灌喂组、产后第1d至第30d灌喂组、不灌喂中药对照组）灌喂中药八珍汤，检测产后期淋巴细胞及其亚群数量和淋巴细胞增殖活化功能。结果发现，产前组CD3细胞数量在产后第1d升高；产前产后组CD3、CD4和CD8细胞数量在产后第1d和第15d升高；产后组CD3细胞数量在产后第15d和第30d升高，CD4细胞数量也在产后第30d升高。淋巴细胞对ConA的反应能力，产前产后组在产后第1～30d明显提高，产后组在产后第15d和第30d明显提高。各组乳牛产后期CD21细胞数量的变化相近。结果表明，从产前第15d开始到产后第15d每日喂八珍汤，能明显提高乳牛产后期T细胞及其亚群数量和增加淋巴细胞增殖活化功能，而对B细胞数量增加的作用不明显。     

Effects of Weaning on Immunity and Nutrition in Piglets

The number of birth per year was an important indicator of the sow's productivity and it was related to the duration of breastfeeding.Weaning had been shown to be a stressful period.The weaning age had declined over time in order to increase sow productivity and the fact that weaning under modem-day commercial conditions inflicted stress (environmental,nutritional and psychological/social) on pigs and associated with marked changes in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) physiology,microbiology and immunology.However,the early weaning resulted in post-weaning diarrhea,mainly related to intestinal dysbiosis during this rapid adaptation to the new diet.The environment and feed had influence on physiology,gut morphology,immune system and diseases of weaned piglets.     

传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫种鸡后子代雏鸡的免疫学变化

应用现代免疫学新技术对传染性法氏囊病 (IBD)疫苗免疫种鸡后 ,其子代雏鸡外周血液和免疫器官组织的免疫学变化进行了动态研究。结果发现 :传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫种鸡后 ,其子代雏鸡外周血液 T、B细胞数量和 Ig G,Ig M,Ig A含量及免疫器官组织的 T细胞、Ig G,Ig M,Ig A抗体生成细胞数量均不同程度地高于未免疫的相应对照雏鸡 ,表明 IBD疫苗免疫母鸡后 ,子代雏鸡外周血液和免疫器官组织的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能明显增强。而传染性法氏囊病超强毒攻击子代雏鸡后 ,未免疫的子代雏鸡 ,外周血液和免疫器官组织的上述各项指标均明显低于疫苗免疫的子代雏鸡 ,这与 IBDV感染雏鸡后 ,其免疫器官组织严重损害 ,淋巴细胞变性坏死等有关 ,也是导致感染雏鸡免疫抑制的基础     

日本黄姑鱼血细胞发生的观察

用Wright’sGiemsa混合染料对日本黄姑鱼外周血涂片以及头肾、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏组织印片染色,观察其中各种血细胞的大小、形态特征,研究了日本黄姑鱼血细胞的发生发育模式。观察发现,在外周血涂片中,除红细胞外,还观察到多种白细胞,主要有单核细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜酸性细胞和淋巴细胞,而嗜碱性细胞没有被发现。红细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发生主要在肾脏和头肾,其次是脾脏;粒细胞的发生主要在头肾和脾脏。红细胞的发育经历3个阶段:原红细胞、幼红细胞和成熟红细胞阶段。红细胞在成熟过程中,细胞核的体积逐渐变小,细胞与细胞核的体积比由大变小然后再变大。成熟红细胞除了由幼稚细胞发育而来以外,还可以进行一分为二的方式进行分裂;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段:原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞;淋巴细胞经历了3个阶段:原淋巴细胞、幼淋巴细胞和成熟淋巴细胞;单核细胞的发育和淋巴细胞相似,也经历了3个阶段:原单核细胞、幼单核细胞和成熟单核细胞。     

Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid requirement of juvenile rock bream,Oplegnathus fasciatus

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) based on growth and non‐specific immune responses in juvenile rock bream. A basal diet without EPA supplementation was used as a control, and six other diets were prepared by supplementing with 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 or 40 g of EPA per kg diet. The actual EPA concentrations of the diets were 0.5, 4.3, 8.5, 13.0, 16.8, 21.0 and 41.2 g of EPA per kg diet, and the diets were abbreviated as EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5, EPA_13.0, EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish averaging 1.06 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the seven experimental diets at the apparent satiation for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency of fish fed EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5 and EPA_13.0 diets (p < .05). Superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed EPA_16.8, EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3 and EPA_8.5 diets. Fish fed EPA_21.0 and EPA_41.2 diets showed significantly higher lysozyme activity than did fish fed EPA_0.5, EPA_4.3, EPA_8.5 and EPA_13.0 diets. The broken‐line analysis of weight gain indicated that the optimum dietary EPA level was 16.7 g/kg diet. These results suggested that the optimum dietary EPA level in juvenile rock bream could be greater than 16.7 g/kg diet but less than or equal to 16.8 g/kg diet based on the broken‐line analysis and the ANOVA test of weight gain.     

Somatic cell and innate immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows to intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve at pre-drying off period

Intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve)-induced somatic cell (SC) counts, chemiluminescent response (CL), lactoferrin (LF) concentrations and mastitis-causing pathogens from quarters with subclinical mastitis were measured to evaluate innate immune response of mammary glands in dairy cows at 3 to 4 weeks before drying off. SC counts in 7 quarters of 7 control cows and 5 quarters of 6 cows with mastitis increased markedly on day 1 and SC values in control cows were significantly (P<0.05) increased and returned to pre-infusion levels on day 5 after B. breve-infusion. CL values in both groups increased markedly on day 1 and then decreased after B. breve-infusion; however, CL values in cows with mastitis did not return to normal levels on day 5 and at postpartum. The CL values were highly correlated with their SC counts in milk from both groups. LF concentrations increased toward day 3 after B. breve-infusion and were higher in cows with mastitis. B. breve-infusion eliminated 16.6% (1/6) of pathogens from 6 quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis. B. breve-induced SC responses in quarters from 3 cows with mastitis showed characteristic patterns of recovery, persistent and new infections. B. breve-induced SC counts in quarters from the cows in the pre-drying off were lower (25.7–70.6%) than those of the cows in mid-lactation. The intrinsic innate immune response in cows on pre-drying off may be decreased and appears to be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from mammary gland in the pre-drying off.