谷物联合收获机筛分装置研究现状与发展分析

筛分是谷物联合收获作业的关键工序,筛分装置的作业质量直接影响联合收获机的作业性能。现有筛分装置性能可基本满足谷物收获作业要求,但鉴于农业物料的多样性、作业环境的多变且不可控性以及谷物联合收获机的高速作业性,在进行筛分时由于物料喂入量增大和物料含水率的升高,从而产生物料堵塞筛孔、潮湿物料粘附筛体、物料流动性差、筛分效率低等问题。本文以筛体结构和筛体驱动机构为切入点,概述谷物筛分装置的研究现状和研究方法,从不同领域筛分技术的借鉴与互补以及筛分装置高效化、智能化、信息化的发展角度出发,指出谷物筛分装置技术的发展趋势,为我国谷物筛分技术研究和筛分装置的创新设计提供参考。     

基于接触状态感知的羊胴体后腿自适应分割控制方法

针对羊胴体后腿骨肉边界未知、尺寸多变和可见性约束限制造成的机器人自主分割精确度低与易受阻卡住的问题,提出一种羊胴体后腿自适应分割控制方法,并开展羊胴体后腿分割试验进行验证。该方法以接触状态感知为核心,有效提取接触类型特征、接触异常度特征和接触方向特征,通过构建深度时空神经网络识别接触类型,构建深度自编码网络估计接触异常度,采用主成分分析方法检测主要接触方向,实现接触状态多模态感知,机器人通过动态运动基元模仿学习人类操作技能,并结合接触状态感知信息实现关节运动的自适应调节。试验结果表明：深度时空网络模型在羊胴体后腿分割验证集上的识别准确率为98.44%;深度自编码网络模型能够较好地估计验证集样本的接触异常度,区分不同的接触状态。机器人基于自适应分割控制方法开展实际分割试验,与对照组相比,最大分割力下降幅度为29 N,最大力矩下降幅度为7 N·m,证明该方法的有效性;平均最大残留肉厚度为3.6 mm,平均分割残留率为4.9%,分割残留率与羊胴体质量呈现负相关,证明该方法具有良好的泛化性和准确性,并且整体分割效果较好,满足羊胴体后腿分割要求。     

Determination of the genetic variation in the effect of temperature and daylength on bolting of Brassica campestris L.

Summary Effects of temperature and daylength on the bolting of a number of B. campestris accessions were investigated both in the open and in the IVT phytotron. From the results it was concluded that low temperature and genotype are the predominant factors with respect to bolting. Daylength has rather limited influence. One cultivar bolted more than 12 weeks earlier at 10 and 14°C than at 18°C. On the other hand some cultivars did not require vernalization at all.At 14°C and short daylength, depending on genotype, the period of time between sowing and 50% bolting ranged from 8 to 30 weeks. At this temperature the stimulating effect of long day (24 h), depending again on the genotype, ranged from 0 to 4 weeks. The genotypes most resistant to bolting appeared to be the stubble turnips (B. campestris ssp. rapa).In terms of seed(ling) vernalization at 5°C the cold requirement ranged from 0 to more than 3 weeks, depending on the genotype. The required vernalization periods at 5°C can be used as a criterion in screening for resistance to bolting.     

Screening for resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cernua) in cultivated sunflower

Racial evolution of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cernua) has been very rapid in Spain during recent years, in which resistance has been overcome several times and there has been an important increase in areas infested with this parasitic angiosperm. In order to find resistance to a highly virulent population of sunflower broomrape that could be used directly in breeding programmes, three different sets of cultivated plant material composed of 429 entries were tested by artificial inoculation. All evaluated inbred lines from Moden, Canada, were fully susceptible. Out of the 240 P.I. accessions tested, only 10 segregated for resistance to broomrape, the rest being susceptible. From the 160 USDA breeding lines evaluated, 5% were resistant and 19% segregated for resistance to O. cernua. These lines traced back mainly to crosses of RHA 274 and RHA 801 with Russian, Turkish and Romanian hybrids. The origin of P.I. accessions that segregated for resistance were primarily derived from the former USSR and from Romania.     

Oxidative stress indicators as selection tools for salt tolerance

Oxidative stress indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll retention, were tested as tools for salt‐tolerance screening in Chloris gayana (Kunth), a forage grass exhibiting inter‐ and intra‐cultivar variability in the response to salt stress. Three types of experimental system were compared, salt shock, gradual salt treatment and leaf segments floated on control and saline solutions. Results followed the same trend in the three systems, but leaf segments or gradually salinized plants are the most convenient. Lower mean MDA and higher mean chlorophyll content were found under salinity in cv. ‘Katambora’, which is considered, from previous field trials, to be more salt tolerant than cv. ‘Boma’. Nevertheless, chlorophyll content did not give consistent results in other tests and it is not recommended for selection purposes. Within cv. ‘Boma’, clones rating higher in a salt tolerance evaluation under greenhouse conditions had lower MDA content under salinity and lower mean MDA ratios between salt‐treated and control samples. The survival of 80‘Boma’ plants under increasing NaCl concentration was assessed and MDA was measured in the leaves of very plant before the final NaCl level was reached, to assess whether it was predictive of survival capability. MDA values were significantly lower in the group surviving longer, thus, a selection based on low MDA values would have enriched the original population with more tolerant individuals.     

水果型优质超甜玉米品种引种鉴定筛选试验

[目的]筛选适用广东亚热带条件下种植的水果型优质超甜玉米新资源.[方法]引进国内、外水果型优质超甜玉米新品种66个,进行3年5季的鉴定评价,优中选优,筛选20个优质品种进行品比试验,并进行适应性、抗逆性、植株性状、穗部性状、产量及品质性状的鉴定与分析.[结果]田间观察和室内考种结果表明,20个品种皆为早熟矮秆类型,特点...     

玉米杂交种苗期耐低氮指标的筛选与综合评价

为探明耐低氮玉米杂交种的苗期筛选鉴定方法,筛选出耐低氮能力强、可推广应用到生产上的玉米杂交种,本研究采用蛭石和珍珠岩盆栽、Hoagland营养液培养方式,以西南地区生产中应用的51个玉米杂交种为材料,对供试品种进行了2年的低氮胁迫苗期筛选试验。结果表明:低氮胁迫对各玉米品种苗期主要形态、生理指标均有显著影响,但影响的程度在指标间和品种间均有较大差异。根据相对值变异系数大小,筛选出叶面积、氮积累量、根冠比、地上部干重、根体积、根干重和单株干重7个指标作为耐低氮能力的评价指标。以7个指标归一化的变异系数为权重进行耐低氮能力模糊隶属函数综合评价,并与用全部指标(第1年为13个指标,第2年为25个指标)模糊隶属函数评价和主成分分析法评价的结果进行比较,7个指标评价结果与全部指标综合评价结果基本一致,得出的耐低氮能力强和弱的前10个品种的重合率分别达90%和80%,说明筛选指标的代表性和评价方法的可行性。本研究表明上述7个指标可以作为玉米苗期耐低氮能力评价指标,并筛选出‘正红311’、‘成单30’、‘黔北2号’等适宜于中国西南丘陵山区种植的耐低氮品种。     

基于卷积神经网络的花生籽粒完整性识别算法及应用

针对现有色选设备在花生颗粒筛选过程中处理速度慢、准确率低的缺点,提出基于卷积神经网络的花生籽粒完整性识别算法。以完好花生、表皮破损花生和果仁破损花生的分类为例,构建花生图像库;搭造卷积神经网络,提取花生图像特征;为提高分类准确率和实时性,从训练集构成、减小过拟合、加快训练收敛速度、简化网络结构等几方面对卷积神经网络进行优化;最终利用含2个卷积层、2个池化层、2个全连接层的3层神经网络实现了上述3类花生的分类。试验结果表明：该方法对花生分类的准确率达到98.18%,平均检测一幅单粒花生图像的时间为18 ms,与现有色选设备相比有效提高了色选设备筛选的准确率和实时性。     

An agar nutrient solution technique as a screening tool for tolerance to zinc deficiency and iron toxicity in rice

Abstract

Studies examining iron (Fe) toxicity and zinc (Zn) deficiency in rice have shown that screening experiments in nutrient solutions are of limited use because the rankings of genotypes as tolerant or intolerant can be very different from the results obtained in field-screening experiments. A possible reason for such deviation is that crucial rhizosphere processes cannot be reproduced in nutrient solutions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of low-concentration agar nutrient solutions (ANS) as an alternative screening tool. Agar was dissolved in boiling water and mixed with nutrient solution to achieve a final agar concentration of 0.1% (w/v). Zinc deficiency was induced by supplying Zn at a low concentration (0.1 × 10^?3 µmol L^?1), while Fe toxicity was induced by supplying excess Fe²⁺ (200 mg L^?1). Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into this medium. Symptoms of Zn deficiency and Fe toxicity developed more rapidly in ANS compared with conventional nutrient solutions (CNS). For Zn deficiency this was probably because of the development of Zn depletion zones as a result of the reduced convection in the viscous agar medium. In the case of Fe toxicity we observed far less Fe precipitation in ANS compared with CNS. Genotypic comparisons showed that the tolerance rankings obtained in ANS were very similar to the field tolerance rankings, whereas this was not the case in CNS. This was particularly evident with regard to the considerable root growth inhibition detected in intolerant genotypes when stress treatments were imposed in ANS.     

Germination and net in vitro growth of peach, almond and peach-almond hybrid embryos in response to mannitol inclusion in the nutrient medium

Nine Prunus accessions were evaluated for germination and plantlet growth in an in vitro osmotic screening test using mannitol as an osmoticum. Embryos from diverse peaches, almonds and peach-almond hybrids were cultured in Woody Plant Medium, and in this same medium modified with the inclusion of 350 mM mannitol. Embryos were stratified in vitro for 60 days, induced to germinate for a two week period and then allowed to develop and grow for another 20 days prior to harvest. Fresh weights of both roots and shoots as well as percent germination were recorded at harvest. The main effects of nutrient medium, germplasm type (peach, peach-almond, almond) and specific Prunus accession were all highly significant (P = 0.01) with regard to fresh weight of roots and shoots. Embryo germination was affected significantly by the inclusion of mannitol in the nutrient medium and by the particular germplasm type (P=0.01 and P=0.05, respectively). Significant interactions of nutrient medium × Prunus accession and nutrient medium × germplasm type were also detected for both root and shoot fresh weights. Almond germplasm cultured in Woody Plant Medium with 350 mM mannitol produced significantly more roots and shoots than either peaches or peach-almond hybrids grown in the same medium. Peach-almond hybrid embryos were observed to germinate at a significantly higher frequency than peach embryos when averaged across both media. Results obtained in this study indicate a wide range of average plantlet fresh weight relative to the specific germplasm challenged in the osmotic screen. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.