纤维素酶渣替代黄豆饲喂杂交奶牛试验

采用纤维素酶渣替代黄豆对西黄杂奶牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)作饲喂对比试验,并对其产奶量及奶品质进行观察。结果表明:试验组比对照组牛日产奶量平均提高1 88kg,其乳蛋白和乳糖含量也有不同程度的提高。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

鱼腥草中产槲皮素内生真菌的分离鉴定

【目的】探索鱼腥草（Houttuynia cordata Thunb.）中是否存在产槲皮素的内生真菌。【方法】采用组织块法对鱼腥草内生真菌进行分离培养,分离纯化后收集菌丝利用薄层色谱（TLC）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测其代谢产物中的槲皮素,并分析其产量。采用形态学和内部转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列分析鉴定产槲皮素的内生真菌。【结果】从鱼腥草不同部位共分离得到9株内生真菌,其中由根中分离得到的菌株YXC-G1具有产生槲皮素的能力,为笋顶孢属（Acrostalagmus sp.）真菌,菌丝中槲皮素的含量为8.296 mg/g。【结论】从鱼腥草根部分离到1株产槲皮素的内生真菌YXC-G1,其可作为生产槲皮素的备选菌株。     

氮沉降对城市森林凋落物养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响

目前,氮沉降增加呈现全球化趋势,影响森林生态系统生物地球化学循环过程,已成为生态和环境研究的热点内容之一。为探讨氮沉降增加对城市森林凋落物养分含量的影响,进一步认识城市森林养分循环过程,为区域城市化进程的生态风险评估提供科学依据,本研究以安徽省合肥市蜀山国家森林公园凋落物为研究对象,在连续3年模拟氮沉降实验后（氮添加设置3种水平,分别为对照组：0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、CK;低氮：50 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、LN;高氮：100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、HN）,研究氮沉降对城市森林凋落物（枝叶果碎）养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同施氮水平下,凋落果内CK与HN中C元素含量,凋落叶中CK与LN、碎中LN与HN两组中N元素含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。（2）凋落物不同组分间,N沉降显著影响Ca元素含量（P＜0.05）,对C元素含量无显著影响;凋落枝组分间K含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,凋落叶与其他各组间N含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,凋落果与其他各组间P含量差异显著（P＜0.05）;凋落叶与凋落果间Mg元素差异显著。（3）N沉降对各组分间的C/N、C/P、N/P等生态化学计量比无显著性影响,但对凋落叶、凋落果中C/N值有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）。（4）N沉降显著影响C、N间相关性及Ca、Mg间相关性,且均表现为LN显著增强相关性,HN显著抑制相关性;N沉降显著增强了P、K间的相关性,而显著降低了K与Ca、Mg的相关性。（5）N沉降对C/N与N/P、C/P与N/P间的耦合性有显著影响,且均表现为LN显著增强生态化学计量比间的耦合性,HN显著降低二者耦合性。研究结果为城市森林凋落物养分循环过程对N 沉降的响应提供了理论依据。     

江西省低温雨雪冰冻灾害对农林业造成的危害及对策

简述了2008年初我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害的发生、发展特点,分析了灾害给江西各地农林业生产造成的主要危害,并在此基础上提出了防灾减灾的若干对策和措施。     

烤烟总氮含量和氮碱比与物理性状的关系分析

试验以我国主产烟区的主栽烤烟品种K326为材料,测定X2F(下橘二)等级共计124份样品的总氮、烟碱含量和物理性状,系统地分析总氮含量、氮碱比与物理性状的相互关系。结果表明,总氮含量、氮碱比和物理性状在样品间存在着广泛的变异。总氮含量随单叶重、叶长、叶面密度的增加而逐步下降;氮碱比随叶长、叶宽的增加而上升,随叶面密度的增加而逐渐下降。总氮与叶长、叶面密度的关系可分别用逆函数■=0.827 38.047/x、复合函数■=1.880×0.996x描述;氮碱比与叶宽、叶面密度的关系可分别用复合函数■=0.413×1.023x描述、幂函数描述■=2.791x-0.354。     

天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响

为了解天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响,在毛竹扩张水平方向上设置毛竹纯林、竹-针-阔混交林、针阔混交林3种林分样地,分别采集土壤,对其理化性质进行分析.结果表明,随着毛竹扩张,林地表层土壤水解氮含量明显提高,有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,但对土壤pH值、全氮、全磷含量影响不大;土壤水溶性碳、微生物量碳、矿化态碳均随着毛竹的扩张,其含量不断增加,与针-阔混交林相比,分别增加了50.3%、36.5%和66.1%,且扩张的不同阶段均存在显著性差异;各活性有机碳占总有机碳的百分率也随着毛竹的扩张而增大.     

臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的应用

以臭氧在大菱鲆亲鱼养殖回用水系统中的工程实例数据,分析臭氧在养殖水处理系统中的杀菌效果、脱除转化氨氮的效能。结果表明,臭氧在该工艺流程中杀菌率可达51．82％,对氨氮 亚硝酸氮的平均去除率达56．30％,这表明臭氧应用于工厂化养殖水处理中具有较好效果。     

煤矿塌陷地网箱生态养鳙试验报告

在未治理塌陷地水域,设置生态养鳙网箱52箱。使用生态养殖技术(不投饵),利用微生物制剂及人工诱导饵料生物技术,在25m~2网箱内放养鱼种300尾,其中鳙规格为165g／尾。经过137天的养殖,网箱平均单产19．72kg／m~2,其中鳙单产14．97kg／m~2,折合每667m~2产鳙9985kg。网箱平均产值达138．06元／m~2,净收入为99．66元／m~2,投入产出比为 1∶3．59。