食品安全及其影响因素探讨

食品安全一直是人们关注的焦点，《食品安全法》实施后，食品的安全性更被人们所重视。介绍食品安全的常规定义和其他定义．探讨影响食品安全的微生物污染、化学物质使用、环境污染问题、生产规模小等9个因素，并对食品安全评价进行宏观阐述，旨在明确食品安全性的重要意义。     

农科院校食品卫生与营养专业教学改革

根据农科院校食品卫生与营养专业的定位及特点,结合该学科发展趋势,阐述了食品卫生与营养专业教学改革的必要性.以安徽农业大学食品卫生与营养专业2年来的建设情况为依据,从人才培养方案、学科队伍建设、管理制度、课程与教材、实验及实践教学、学术交流等方面进行改革,以期使农科院校食品卫生与营养专业的发展更加适应社会需求.     

Hygiene management in newborn individually housed dairy calves focusing on housing and feeding practices

In calf rearing, the first weeks of life are critical and associated with the highest mortality due to enteric and respiratory diseases. A well-implemented hygiene management can help to protect calves’ health preventively by reducing the load of pathogenic bacteria and interrupting infection chains. The aim of this study was to identify deficiencies in hygiene management of individually housed dairy calves by surveying current practice and examining feeding and housing equipment with different hygiene indicators. On 11 farms, different locations in 2 pens or hutches for individual calf rearing prepared for restocking and 2 feeding buckets per farm, including the inner and outer surfaces of artificial teats, were visually scored for cleanliness and sampled with swabs (housing equipment: n = 167; feeding equipment: n = 120). The sanitation of floors was tested with sock samples (n = 41). A total of 328 samples were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and protein residues, aerobic total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria (ESBL), and Salmonella spp. After evaluation of these results, the farmers were informed about the findings and trained on improvement in hygiene management personally. The sampling was repeated after 1 year to detect possible changes in hygiene management. The highest bacterial loads (TVC, TCC, and E. coli) were observed in feeding equipment, especially the inner teat of milk feeding buckets. Environmental samples, primarily the sidewalls and back walls of tested pens and hutches, exhibited the lowest bacterial counts and ATP and protein residues. All samples were negative for MRSA and Salmonella spp. In 10.5% of all samples, ESBL was detected, and in 6.8%, ESBL E. coli was detected, predominately in sock samples, followed by feeding equipment samples. Training in hygiene management showed only limited effects. In conclusion, there is still great potential to improve the implementation of hygiene measures in individual calf housing. In particular, more attention should be paid to the cleaning of feeding buckets and artificial teats, as this is a simple means of interrupting the possible spread of pathogens among calves.     

Fertility Response of Potato to Municipal Wastewater and Inorganic Fertilizers

This study evaluated fertilizer contribution of municipal wastewater on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation in a split-plot experiment having two factors: water quality with 5 levels and fertilizer with 2 levels. Irrigation by raw wastewater supplied 16, 13, 13, 23, 1.7, and 83% of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) requirement of potato, respectively. Wastewater compared to freshwater, improved plant height, vigority, area coverage, leaf area index (LAI), stem per plant, number and weight of tuber per plant, above-ground dry matter (ADM), and tuber yield of potato. Averaged over 3 years, irrigation by 75 and 100% (raw) wastewater with recommended standard fertilizers produced the maximum, but identical, tuber yield. Wastewater raised N, P, and K contents in potato plants and tubers. Irrigation by wastewater could reduce the fertilizer requirement of potato by 10–15%. However, it caused high accumulation of total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) on potato skin, restricting the use of the produce.     

Potential risks when spreading anaerobic digestion residues on grass silage crops – survival of bacteria, moulds and viruses

The survival of pathogenic and spoilage micro‐organisms in soil and on grass fertilized with spiked anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) was investigated in a climate chamber during periods of up to 56 d. In addition, the survival of these organisms over time was investigated during ensiling of grass at 390 g dry matter (DM) kg^?1 or 610 g DM kg^?1. Micro‐organisms included in these studies were: Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Talaromyces emersonii, Byssochlamys nivea, Porcine parvovirus and Swine vesicular disease virus. Soil and grass still contained high numbers of E. coli, Cl. tyrobutyricum and T. emersonii (1·9–5·4 log₁₀) 49 and 56 d after fertilization with spiked ADR. Listeria monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium were generally found in the samples. This indicates that, within this time span, there is a risk of silage contamination by bacteria, moulds and viruses present in ADR spread on grassland. An increase in DM content of the crop decreased its ensilability as measured by pH and short‐chain fatty acid content. However, no clear differences were found in survival of pathogenic and spoilage micro‐organisms between the two silages with different DM contents, regardless of storage time. The lack of moisture and oxygen was probably sufficient to cause the reduction in vegetative bacteria in the 610 g DM kg^?1 silage. However, bacterial and fungal spores and the viruses studied were not significantly inactivated by ensiling at these high DM contents and could, therefore, pose a health risk to farm animals fed on the silage if present in ADR applied to crops prior to ensilage.     

高职酒店管理专业食品营养与卫生课程教学改革研究

食品营养与卫生是高职酒店管理专业的一门专业基础课程。结合专业实际,围绕改革课程体系,以提高教学质量为目标,对该课程实施教学改革。通过优化教学内容、改进教学方法和完善课程考核制度,达到提高学生的分析和解决实际问题能力的目的,最终取得良好的教学效果。     

对我国加入WTO后兽医卫生管理工作的探讨

加入WTO是我国经历风雨15年而实现的跨世纪工程，实现了中国经济珉接轨。江主席指出：“作为一个国际组织没有中国这样世界上最大的发展中国家的加入，世界贸易组织是不完整的，中国将根据权利和义务均衡的原则加入世贸组织。”本文从历史的角度介绍了我国与WTO的渊源关系；从专业角度分析了WTO对于我国兽医卫生管理工作的影响；从发展的角度探讨了我国兽医卫生管理工作的发展趋势。     

食品卫生学教学改革的实践与思考

食品卫生学是食品质量与安全专业的一门专业基础课,为了提高食品卫生学实验效果,进行了教学改革。主要措施有:精选教学内容、采用现代化教学方法和手段、建立全新的实验教学环节。通过教学改革使学生巩固了理论课的基本知识,提高了实验技能,培养了学生学习专业课的兴趣、团队精神和创新精神。     

《家畜环境卫生学》的课程建设

《家畜环境卫生学》作为一门必修课,是动物科学专业、动物医学专业的专业基础课。一门课程的课程建设目标就是将其建设成为精品课程,这就要求《家畜环境卫生学》在课程建设过程中应按精品课程的要求,紧紧围绕师资队伍、教学内容、教学方法与手段、教材、教学管理等方面进行完善,最终实现教学内容科学、教学方法与手段合理,教材先进,教学管理高效,师资队伍高素质的建设目标。