冻融交替对复配土壤团粒结构和有机质的交互作用

为了研究冻融交替作用下复配土壤团粒结构和有机质之间的关系,采用室内模拟冻融试验方法,分析冻融周期以及团粒结构含量对复配土壤有机质的影响。结果表明,冻融交替经过1,2,5,10周期时各个粒级团粒结构的分配比例有明显变化,0.5mm的小粒径团粒结构含量增加,1mm的大粒径团粒结构含量减少;冻融循环对复配土壤有机质含量产生极显著影响,1∶1,1∶2,1∶5复配土壤有机质含量均表现为随冻融周期先增加后减少的趋势,2周期时达到峰值,与冻融前相比,分别增加68%,55%,59%;冻融循环与土壤团粒结构的交互作用显著影响复配土壤有机质含量,冻融交替作用下3种比例复配土壤小团粒结构(粒径0.5mm)与有机质呈现出较为明显的正相关关系。因此,利用冻融交替作用对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤的团粒结构形成、有机质的影响以及二者之间的交互作用,进行改良土壤结构,提高土壤有机质含量,使土壤结构和有机质得到持续不断的改善和发展。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌分子遗传及与寄主互作研究

近年来马铃薯晚疫病的重新暴发再次引起世界各国极大关注,特别对马铃薯晚疫病菌的分子遗传学的研究,包括病菌基因组遗传、转录和物理图谱的构建,病菌致病的分子机制以及马铃薯-马铃薯晚疫病菌互作分子机制等。本文就近几十年来对马铃薯晚疫病菌在生物学和病理学,分子遗传学等研究方面作简要综述,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

水产养殖鱼类生长性状研究进展

生长性状是水产养殖鱼类最重要的经济性状之一,对水产养殖业的发展意义重大。通过以不同的养殖鱼类为对象,大量的研究结果表明,鱼类生长主要受环境、基因,以及基因与环境相互作用的影响,具体为:(1)环境是生长性状调控的外因,其对生长的影响一般呈现出剂量效应的规律。温度、光照、营养等主要环境因子的过量和不足均可能对鱼类生长产生不利影响,因此,寻求最优条件是制定最佳养殖环境的终极目标,人为调控多种环境因子在现代水产养殖业中具有重大的应用潜力。(2)基因是生长性状调控的内因,其对生长的影响很大程度上表现出因果效应的关系。某些基因的单碱基核苷酸多样性、基因结构变异、染色体倍性变化,以及转基因等都表现出对鱼类生长产生统计显著性的影响。鉴于生长是多基因控制的复杂数量性状,寻找主效基因并在选育中加以利用是改良生长性状的重要基础。高通量测序技术在生长相关候选基因的筛选以及辅助分子育种方面展现出强大的优势。(3)基因与环境相互作用的影响主要来自基因型对不同环境条件的适应性,具有特异性和复杂性的特点,因此目前对其量化研究非常有限。但在制定大规模商业育种计划之前,考虑基因与环境相互作用具有重要意义。综上所述,充分理解环境、基因,以及基因与环境相互作用对水产养殖鱼类生长的影响能更好地对其生长性状加以利用,从而最大限度地节约养殖成本和发挥生态效益。     

Relationship between barley grain yield measured in low- and high-yielding environments

Summary The paper addresses the general question of identifying the optimum environment for selection in plant breeding programs for low input agricultural systems. After defining low-yielding and high-yielding environments based on the average grain yield of large numbers of barley genotypes in different cropping seasons, we examined: 1) the phenotypic relationships between the highest yielding genotypes in low- and high-yielding environments, and 2) the genetic correlation coefficients between grain yield in low- and high-yielding environments. The results indicate that the alleles controlling high grain yield in low-yielding conditions are at least partially different from those controlling high grain yield in high-yielding conditions. Therefore, selection in high-yielding environments is expected to produce a negative response or no response in low-yielding environments. This may explain why crop varieties bred under high-yielding conditions failed to have an impact in low-yielding agricultural systems. The results may be extrapolated to systems where environmental concern suggests a reduction of inputs by raising the question of whether crop breeding programs based on selection under high inputs are likely to generate the right type of germplasm for an environmentally friendly agriculture.     

铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物的形成、性质及其对砷的固定

铁氧化物与硅酸盐矿物是土壤中最重要、最活跃的固相组分,它们之间的交互作用直接影响土壤物理化学特性,可有效地调控土壤(类)重金属的迁移、转化。本文以铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物胶结过程中的一些表观特征变化为出发点,从宏观、表观到微观综述了二者交互作用的界面特性和机理、交互作用前后对土壤砷的固定与释放机制等内容。本文阐明层状硅酸盐与铁氧化物通过多种化学作用而发生表面复合,其中静电作用是作用力之一,带负电荷的硅酸盐与带正电荷的铁氧化物在静电引力的作用下迅速结合,在胶体表面双电层上形成二元团聚体;形成的二元团聚体可改变土壤矿物的表面积和孔性结构、表面电化学特性和物理性质。同时,铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物表面的活性基团可以通过内层络合共氧的方式将土壤中AsO_4~(2-)络合,形成单核或双核表面络合物而固定砷。复合物对AsO_4~(2-)的吸附能力介于铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物之间,并更接近铁氧化物的表面吸附特性。本文旨在为土壤砷的原位固定提供理论支撑。     

噬菌体表面展示技术的发展及应用

随着噬菌体展示技术自身建库、筛选方法等方面的进一步改进和完善,目前已被广泛应用于生命科学的许多领域,特别是噬菌体表面展示技术在蛋白质相互作用方面的成功应用,为筛选新的结合蛋白提供了一种简单、有效的手段,还为功能基因组学的研究提供了一个新的方法。该技术还在药物研制和疾病机理方面显示出很大的应用潜力,目前已成为筛选对人类疾病有诊断和治疗价值的生物活性分子的重要手段,并已广泛用于癌症、艾滋病、心血管病、组织器官移植、神经性疾病等领域药物的研究和开发。     

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli MT78 invades chicken fibroblasts

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for extraintestinal diseases, called colibacillosis, in avian species. The most severe manifestation of the disease is colisepticemia that usually starts at the respiratory tract and may result in bird death. However, it is not yet clear how APEC cross the respiratory epithelium and get into the bloodstream. In this work, we studied the interaction between 8 APEC strains (UEL31, UEL17, UEL13, UEL29, MT78, IMT5155, IMT2470, A2363) and a chicken non-phagocytic cell, the fibroblast CEC-32 cell line. We investigated the association profile, the invasion capability, the cytotoxicity effect and the induction of caspase-3/7 activation in an attempt to understand the way the pathogen gains access to the host bloodstream. Association to cells was determined after 1 h of infection, while cell invasion was determined after 4 and 24 h of infection. The cytotoxic effect of bacterial infection was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and the activation of the apoptotic program was verified by caspase-3/7 activation. Also, the presence of genes for adhesins, invasins and other related virulence-associated factors was verified by PCR. All bacterial strains showed similarity in relation to adhesion, LDH release and caspase-3/7 activation. However, one APEC strain, MT78, showed high invasion capability, comparable to the invasive Salmonella typhimurium strain SL1344. Since an APEC strain was capable of invading non-phagocytic cells in vitro, the same may be happening with the epithelial cells of the avian respiratory tract in vivo. CEC-32 monolayers can also provide a useful experimental model to study the molecular mechanisms used by APEC to invade non-phagocytic cells.     

拮抗细菌菌株Bacillus spp.间的相互作用及其对水稻纹枯病的抑制

测定了6个Bacillus spp.和1个Pseudomonas sp.P-13(G-对照菌株)在PPM培养基上的相互作用。在总共42个组合中，有27个组合是可亲和性的。在以B5423为单剂之一的5个组合中，亲和性的组合有4个。在温室条件下通过分批播种，在水稻分蘖盛期喷以B5423-R(B5423的标记菌株，是利福平抗性的突变体)为单剂之一的4个亲和性组合的菌悬浮液，以检测该组合中B5423-R在水稻茎基部的种群数量。结果发现，与单剂B5423-R相比，在应用1～7天内，组合B5423-R B45中，B5423-R的群体数量显著性降低；组合B5423-R B95、B5423-R B77中，B5423-R的群体数量与单剂无显著差异；组合B5423-R B4313中，B5423-R的群体数量在应用1～4天内与单剂无显著性差异，但在应用第7天显著地高于单剂。离体叶片纹枯病痛斑面积的抑制试验表明，与各自的单剂相比，组合B95 B5423及B95 Er77显著地抑制了纹枯病病斑面积；而组合B45 B80、B45 B5423和B45 B95纹枯病病斑面积显著地高于各自的单剂；其余10个组合与各自的单剂无显著差异。     

有益菌根真菌及其互作对带叶兜兰试管苗生理生长的影响

为探讨菌根真菌的互作效应,筛选协同互作模式组合,对从野生兜兰新鲜营养根中分离、筛选出的3种菌根真菌（PF02、PF06和PF07）,采用单菌接种、双菌混合接种和三菌混合菌种等7种接种方式,开展菌−苗共生培养,筛选出优势菌株PF02和PF07,揭示在实验室环境下接菌方式与接种效应之间的相互联系,分析菌根真菌互作对带叶兜兰植株生长和生理的影响。结果表明：显示菌根真菌互作对宿主植株的生物量、保护酶活性及叶绿素总量具有较好的正向效应。3种双菌混合接种方式PF02−PF06、PF02−PF07及PF06−PF07均能有效促进带叶兜兰生物量增长,尤其是PF02−PF06接种方式,抗氧化酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT活性及叶绿素总量提高显著。选择优化的接种方式,以及能够协同促进、达到共生平衡的最佳接种方式组合,最大限度发挥菌根对宿主植物的益生作用。     

Host preference and influence of the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Abstract

Three eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) varieties – ‘Dafeng’, ‘Beisite’, and ‘Baiyu’ – were used in this experiment to discover the least susceptible variety among them to sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation. The investigations were carried out after completing one generation of whitefly based on two points of view. Initially, host preference and suitability of whitefly was investigated based on adult feeding, oviposition, and developmental time. Therefore, it was investigated based on growth responses of eggplant. The average developmental time was shortest for the cohort reared in ‘Dafeng’ (21.3 days), while the longest period (23.2 days) was recorded in ‘Baiyu’. In comparison with the control, less significant changes in the six growth parameters, viz. plant height (12.6%), leaf area (12.7%), dry matter (8.2%), absolute growth rate (26.0%), relative growth rate (25.0%), and net assimilation rate (22.2%) were found in ‘Baiyu’ infested by B. tabaci. Adult attraction and oviposition were reduced while developmental time was increased in ‘Baiyu’ compared with the other two varieties. In addition, the reduction percentages of all the six plant-growth parameters of ‘Baiyu’ were comparatively less than other two varieties to whitefly stress. Our research is focused on a shorter development time; higher feeding, oviposition, and the reduction percentage of plant growth indicate that a plant is a suitable host. In view of this, the present findings indicate that ‘Baiyu’ is less susceptible than the other two varieties, ‘Dafeng’ and ‘Beisite’, for whitefly infestation.