沼渣与餐厨废弃物、牛粪联合堆肥的腐殖化进程研究

为探究不同沼渣联合堆肥的腐殖化进程,以污泥沼渣、秸秆沼渣和醋糟为主要原料分别与餐厨废弃物、牛粪联合堆肥,进行堆肥过程中酶活性变化及堆肥前后腐殖化特征变化的表征。研究结果表明:秸秆沼渣堆肥过程中脱氢酶和脲酶活性随着堆肥进行呈先增加后降低的趋势,且保持较高的多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶活性,加速了有机物的分解和腐殖化;相比秸秆沼渣和醋糟,污泥沼渣在堆肥结束时脱氢酶和脲酶活性依然较高,分别为19. 25μg/(g·h)、6. 22 mg/(g·d),表明还存在部分不稳定有机物。经过30 d堆肥后,沼渣逐渐腐殖化,腐殖酸的分子量分别由堆肥前的2 024、3 284、2 090 Da变为堆肥后的2 061、3 929、3 990 Da。综上,基于多元参数表征能够为沼渣的高效资源化及其产品应用提供理论依据。     

不同植物残体对土壤有机质累积的初步探讨

本文探讨了苕子、柽麻、稻草和锯木屑四种植物残体,在南宁地区赤红土中的腐殖化系数和土壤有机质的自然增减率。其中含木素较多的植物残体,表现为腐殖化系数较高,含氮多的植物残体,则有利于土壤微团聚体的形成。各种植物残体所形成的腐殖质,其性质基本相同。     

用计算机模型验证土壤有机碳周转负反馈作用现象与机理

有机物料腐殖化系数（h）与有机碳降解系数（k）是控制土壤有机碳周转过程的两个关键参数,为研究有机碳含量对该两参数的影响,应用计算机模型探讨有机碳含量对自身周转作用的影响以及相应的机理。结果显示,有机碳含量的动态变化不能反映有机碳含量是否对自身周转造成影响,但有机碳含量与碳输入水平的关系可以反映有机碳含量的作用：即不管该两参数是否与有机碳含量有关,有机碳含量均随着时间延长而渐近线增加或降低至平衡值;当假设两参数与有机碳含量无关,则有机碳含量随碳输入水平增加呈直线增加;但当假设有机碳含量通过有机碳周转负反馈作用影响该两参数,即h随有机碳含量增加而降低,且k同时增加,则有机碳含量随碳输入水平增加而渐近线增加。进一步验证该负反馈作用机理分析也发现,当考虑负反馈作用的机理时,有机碳含量随着碳输入水平增加而渐近线增加。因此有机碳周转负反馈作用合理,在计算机模型构建中考虑该影响因素是必要的,也是可行的。     

Phosphorus fertilization alters complexity of paddy soil dissolved organic matter

The structural complexity of soil dissolved organic matter(DOM) may reflect soil biogeochemical processes due to its spectral characteristics. However, the features of DOM structural complexity in paddy soil amended with long-term chemical P fertilization are still unclear, which may limit understanding of nutrient-related soil C cycle. We collected soil samples from field experiments receiving application of 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P ha~(–1) yr~(–1) to assess the effect of exogenous P on the complexity of soil DOM structure. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence analysis and enzymatic activity assay were used to determine the features of soil DOM molecular structure and the associated microbial reactions. The results showed that P input increased the biodegradability of DOM, indicating by the increased lower molecular weight components and decreased humic degree in the DOM. P input also reduced the structural complexity of DOM with blue shifts of fluorescent signals. The fluorescence index and β/α index of DOM increased with increasing P application by 4–5% and 3–11%, respectively, while humification index decreased by 8–13%. The P input increased the abundance of bacteria and fungi by 34–167% and 159–964%, respectively, while 29–54% increments were found for the β-1,4-glucosidase activities. These results implicated that P fertilization accelerated the soil DOM cycle, although the structural complexity of DOM declined, which potentially benefits soil C sequestration in paddy fields and may be a C sequestration mechanism in the P-dependent paddy.     

微生物对暗棕壤添加玉米秸秆腐殖化进程的影响

针对微生物如何在土壤外源添加有机质的腐殖化进程中发挥作用这一科学问题,采用定量分析、元素组成、差热分析和红外光谱法,研究微生物对暗棕壤添加玉米秸秆腐殖化进程的影响并揭示不同微生物处理间的差异。结果表明,微生物处理能够显著促进有机物料的腐殖化,细菌由于对有机物料和腐植酸的利用度不高而产生的影响最小,真菌和放线菌的影响显著。腐植酸结构分析及PQ值(表征腐殖化程度)结果进一步揭示,微生物处理有利于HA(胡敏酸)的合成,并且FA(富里酸)有向HA转化的可能;细菌、真菌分别对腐植酸的N、H元素含量影响大,放线菌对腐植酸结构的影响主要表现在C=O键上;在培养后期,放线菌由于对纤维素类物质的充分利用而对腐植酸结构的影响超过了其他类群微生物。定量与定性分析结果能够相互印证,肯定了不同微生物对腐殖化进程的影响表现在不同培养阶段对不同物质和官能团的利用上。     

康定木格措冷杉林土壤有机质水平及其预测

采用分解袋法,在土壤表层按发生土层定位研究康定木格措冷杉林土壤有机质分解与积累特征,构建土壤有机质储量随时间变化模型.研究结果表明:定位研究区凋落物年产量2.82×103 kg,折算有机质归还量2.54×103 kg;土壤有机质储量A1层77.14×103 kg,A2层84.89×103 kg,土壤有机物质氧化系数A1层0.044,A2层o.034,折算有机物质年矿化量分别为A1层3.39×103 kg,A2层2.88×103 kg,凋落物有机质归还量远小于矿化量;凋落物腐殖化系数A1层0.597,A2层0.493,对土壤有机质的贡献量分别为A1层1.52×103 kg,A2层0.75×103 kg,土壤固碳潜力大;土壤表层有机质总储量162.03×103 kg,相对较高,但不稳定,随时间推移逐渐减少.提高森林生态系统的固碳能力将是进一步研究的重点.     

Soil organic N - An under-rated player for C sequestration in soils?

The availability of Soil Organic Nitrogen (SON) determines soil fertility and biomass production to a great extent. SON also affects the amounts and turnover rates of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pools. Although there is increasing awareness of the impact of the nitrogen (N) cycle on the carbon (C) cycle, the extent of this interaction and the implications for soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics are still under debate. Therefore, present knowledge about the inter-relationships of the soil cycles of C and N as well as current ideas about SON stabilization are summarized in this paper in order to develop an advanced concept of the role of N on C sequestration. Modeling global C-cycling, it was already recognized that SON and SOC are closely coupled via biomass production and degradation. However, the narrow C/N ratio of mature soil organic matter (SOM) shows further that the impact of SON on the refractory SOM is beyond that of determining the size of the active cycling entities. It affects the quantity of the slow cycling pool and as a major contributor it also determines its chemical composition. Although the chemical nature of SON is still not very well understood, both improved classical wet chemical analyses and modern spectroscopic techniques provide increasing evidence that almost the entire organic N in fire-unaffected soils is bound in peptide-like compounds and to a lesser extent in amino sugars. This clearly points to the conclusion, that such compounds have greater importance for SOM formation than previously assumed. Based on published papers, I suggest that peptides even have a key function in the C-sequestration process. Although the mechanisms involved in their medium and long-term stabilization are far from understood, the immobilization of these biomolecules seems to determine the chemistry and functionality of the slow cycling SOM fraction and even the potential of a soil to act as a C sink. Pyrogenic organic N, which derives mostly from incomplete combustion of plant and litter peptides is another under-rated player in soil organic matter preservation. In fire-prone regions, its formation represents a major N stabilization mechanism, leading to the accumulation of heterocyclic aromatic N, the stability of which is still not elaborated. The concept of peptide-like compounds as a key in SOM-sequestration implies that for an improved evaluation of the potential of soils as C-sinks our research focus as to be directed to a better understanding of their chemistry and of the mechanisms which are responsible for their resistance against biochemical degradation in soils.     

Uncomposted Sheep and Cow Manures as a Source of Commercial Humic Amendments: An Exploratory Study

Liquid humic amendments are widely used in many countries as an enhancer of crop production (particularly root growth). While leonardite is the main substrate for obtaining these products, there is growing concern about obtaining them from plant-derived residual materials, rich in lignin and polyphenolics, thus making possible a residue valorization. Composting is a necessary step for converting these residues into a source of humic substances. In arid countries, obtaining humic products from sources other than leonardite faces two main challenges: (i) often such countries are devoid of forested areas or tree crops capable of supplying lignin-rich residues in large amounts and (ii) water is scarce (or very expensive if obtained by desalination) and therefore composting on an industrial scale is very difficult. Thus it is essential to find alternative sources capable of yielding humic or humic-like compounds without any previous composting. Here we present the main results obtained using sheep and cow manure, two materials widely available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Both were extracted using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a variety of concentrations (from 0.25 to 2 M), times (from 20 to 120 min), temperatures (from 100 to 150 °C), and pressures. Sheep manure, much easier to extract than cow manure, appears the more promising as a source of commercial humic amendments. No lengthy extraction times are needed to obtain alkaline extracts; 20 min yields only slightly less humic-like matter than 2 h. The relative abundance of humic-like substances in the extract tends to decrease with time, but some optical indicators of humification (E₄/E₆ ratio, absorption at 280 nm, ratios of absorption at 253/203 and 253/220 nm) tend to increase. Polysaccharides, the dominant form of organic matter in the original manure, strongly resist alkaline extraction: their prior hydrolysis may be necessary to increase the yields of humic-like matter from the studied manures.