折叠式渔笼作业渔获种类组成

2009年2-12月(伏季休渔期间除外)在笼捕作业渔船上采用收集渔捞日志和随机取样的方法对折叠式渔笼渔获物进行分析。共收集渔捞日志65份,抽样分析了折叠式渔笼渔获9批。对该渔获进行种类鉴定和组成分析,共分析标本重量50.15kg。结果表明:渔获物中共出现48个种,其中鱼类25种、蟹类15种、头足类3种、螺类2种、虾类2种、虾姑类1种;按重量比例为蟹类占51.27%、鱼类占41.21%、头足类占5.96%、螺类占0.92%、虾蛄类占0.57%、虾类占0.08%。     

Effects of processing on physical characteristics of diets with distinct levels of carbohydrates and lipids: the outcomes on the growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

The use efficiency and feed conversion of extruded and pelletized diets were compared. Eight isoproteic diets (220 g kg⁻¹ digestible protein) were assayed for 90 days in a 2 × 2 × 2 multifactorial design with two carbohydrate levels (400 and 500 g kg⁻¹), two lipids levels (40 and 80 g kg⁻¹) and two diet processing (pelletization and extrusion) with three repetitions. The growth of Piaractus mesopotamicus fed with these diets and the quality control indices of diets were gauged. The density of extruded diets was lower as carbohydrate level was 400 g kg⁻¹ and lipid 40 g kg⁻¹. The interaction carbohydrate and diet processing presented higher leaching value for low carbohydrate level in extruded diet. Fish fed with extruded diets presented the best feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio. When high levels of carbohydrate and lipid are combined, the weight gain is impaired. The interaction between diet processing diet and lipid levels resulted in the best fish performance when pelletized diets with 40 g kg⁻¹ lipid or extruded diets with 80 g kg⁻¹ lipid were considered. The protein efficiency ratio increased with the increment of carbohydrates in the pelletized diets. The fish show low tolerance to lipids and a preference for carbohydrate when the lipid productive values are taken into account.     

Modelling growth and body composition in fish nutrition: where have we been and where are we going?

Mathematical models in fish nutrition have proven indispensable in estimating growth and feed requirements. Nowadays, reducing the environmental footprint and improving product quality of fish culture operations are of increasing interest. This review starts by examining simple models applied to describe/predict fish growth profiles and progresses towards more comprehensive concepts based on bioenergetics and nutrient metabolism. Simple growth models often lack biological interpretation and overlook fundamental properties of fish (e.g. ectothermy, indeterminate growth). In addition, these models disregard possible variations in growth trajectory across life stages. Bioenergetic models have served to predict not only fish growth but also feed requirements and waste outputs from fish culture operations. However, bioenergetics is a concept based on energy-yielding equivalence of chemicals and has significant limitations. Nutrient-based models have been introduced into the fish nutrition literature over the last two decades and stand as a more biologically sound alternative to bioenergetic models. More mechanistic models are required to expand current understanding about growth targets and nutrient utilization for biomass gain. Finally, existing models need to be adapted further to address effectively concerns regarding sustainability, product quality and body traits.     

Marine and freshwater crab meals in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus): effect on growth,fish composition and skin colour

River crab (RC) meal (Procambarus clarkii) and marine crab (MC) meal (Chaceon affinis) were tested as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), and their effects on growth performance, fish proximate composition and skin colouration were evaluated. Red porgy were fed during 165 days with five diets. High‐quality fish meal diet was used as a control diet (CD). Protein of fish meal in the control was replaced by increasing the dietary levels of protein derived from RC and MC by up to 10% and 20% of each of them (RC10, RC20, MC10 and MC20). Fish fed on MC20 showed the highest values in feed intake, weight gain and growth (%). No differences were found in FCR and protein efficiency ratio among the treatments. Inclusion of both crab meals in diets significantly decreased the lipid content in whole fish compared with the control animals. On the other hand, no differences in muscle composition were found between the diets. Feeding both crab meals resulted in colour improvement compared with that of the control fish, with better hue values for the RC meal group than those for the MC meal group. The crab meals tested in the present study are suitable as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the red porgy, with the MC meal improving growth and both crabs meals improving skin colour, with further improvements in skin colour produced in fish‐fed diets containing the RC meal.     

帆张网渔获物组成及其多样性分析

根据2007年12月～2008年6月在东海北部和黄海南部海域调查所获取的资料,分析了帆张网作业渔获物组成及其多样性特征。结果显示,调查采获的鱼类41种,甲壳类22种,头足类3种。其中主要渔获物由小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）、带鱼（Trichiurus haumela）、细条天竺鱼（Apogon lineatus）、太平洋褶柔鱼（Todarodes pacificus）、长枪乌贼（Loligo bleekeri）和细点圆趾蟹（Ovalipes punctatus）等10个种类组成,其质量占总样品质量的79.86%。对小黄鱼和带鱼进行体长和体质量组成分析得出,其幼鱼比例分别为97.20%和61.00%。物种种类丰度和多样性指数值显示,鱼类1月较高,而4、5和6月相对较低;甲壳类在5月较高,而4月相对较低。现行的帆张网渔获物中幼鱼比例较高,对经济幼鱼资源的损害较严重。     

元江越鳠的食性研究

研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾,2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成,水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%,所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%,小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加,食物类别减少,摄食强度降低;水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低,成虫出现率增加;体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显,摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。     

不同糖源对方格星虫稚虫生长、成活率及体组成的影响

以初始体重为15.49±0.03 mg的方格星虫稚虫为实验对象,分别投喂以葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、木薯淀粉、土豆淀粉、玉米淀粉、糊化玉米淀粉作为饲料糖源的7种等氮（45％蛋白）等脂（9％脂肪）饲料56d,研究饲料中的糖源对稚星虫生长、成活率及体组成的影响.结果表明,糊化玉米淀粉组增重率和特定生长率最高,显著高于其他各糖源处理组（P＜0.05）,而饲料中糖源对稚星虫存活率没有显著影响（P＞0.05）.体组成分析的结果显示,不同糖源对稚星虫的体水分和体粗蛋白含量均有显著的影响（P＜0.05）,其中,葡萄糖处理组方格星虫稚虫的体水分含量最高,且显著高于土豆淀粉组（P＜0.05）,其他各实验组差异不显著;葡萄糖处理组方格星虫稚虫的体粗蛋白含量最低,显著低于糊化及非糊化淀粉组（P＜0.05）.不同糖源对稚星虫的体粗脂肪含量及灰分含量没有显著影响（P＞0.05）.在本实验条件下,稚星虫对大分子糖类（淀粉）的利用能力显著优于双糖（蔗糖）和单糖（葡萄糖）.另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了方格星虫稚虫对玉米淀粉的利用.     

High‐oil residue camelina meal,a viable source of protein at low levels in diets for juvenile salmonids

The oilseed Camelina sativa has been studied as a lipid source for farmed salmonids, but recommended inclusion as a protein source has not been determined. This study evaluated low inclusion of camelina high‐oil residue meal (HORM) at 20, 40 and 60 g/kg of the diet, to determine an adequate level for Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Salmon and trout were fed experimental diets containing up to 60 g/kg HORM for 16 weeks. At 40 g/kg HORM, trout and salmon growth performance were similar to those fed a control diet. However, at 60 g/kg HORM, trout showed lower final weight, weight gain and feed intake than those fed the control diet. Rainbow trout fed 40 and 60 g/kg HORM showed significantly lower whole body ash (p = .005), slightly lower whole body protein levels and higher fat than the control. In salmon fed 60 g/kg HORM diets, whole body ash (p = .024), and the submucosal layer of the intestine was thicker than the control (p = .007). Current results indicate that up to 40 g/kg HORM can be included in diets for rainbow trout and salmon juveniles.     

Comparative survival and growth performance of European lobster Homarus gammarus post‐larva reared on novel feeds

One approach to ongrow juvenile European lobster, Homarus gammarus, is to utilize land based rearing systems, incorporating automated feeding, individual culture and provision of stable pelleted feeds, preferably using sustainable ingredients. We initiated three feeding experiments to investigate the general suitability of ingredients produced from seafood by‐products as novel feeds for H. gammarus, in terms of promoting survival, development and growth of post‐larval lobsters from post‐larvae (PL) stage IV to the first juvenile stage (stage V). The first experiment was designed to screen an array of candidate, locally produced, novel protein sources on growth performance parameters. This initial experiment revealed that PL reared on a raw (i.e. wet, unprocessed shrimp) feed used as a reference showed superior performance to those reared on experimental feeds containing fishmeal, herring protein isolate or mussel meal; however, a novel type of shrimp meal, produced by flocculation from waste water, promoted the best PL performance of any experimental feed. A second experiment was designed to test the effect of drying method and to optimize the form of a wet shrimp reference feed used by lobster hatcheries. This showed that the performance of PL reared on experimental freeze‐dried shrimp feed was not significantly different to those reared on the wet, unprocessed shrimp used as a reference feed. However, lobsters offered experimental oven‐dried shrimp feed (with or without an immune supplement) resulted in significantly lower survival or growth performance. A third and final experiment was designed in an attempt to improve a candidate herring‐based protein source, by supplementing with nutrients found in shrimp. However, the results showed that PL reared on the wet reference shrimp feed still showed superior growth and survival than those reared on a herring feed alone, or supplemented with additives found in shrimp meal (either glucosamine, astaxanthin or both supplements combined). The high survival and growth, low incidence of moulting problems and high availability of waste shrimp material, suggest that non‐heat‐treated shrimp products are a promising feed ingredient for post‐larval European lobsters.     

饲料不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长、虾体组分、血清抗氧化及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾生长性能、虾体肉质及血清抗氧化能力的影响,设计了5种不同n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值(D1:0.29、D2:0.56、D3:1.02、D4:2.20、D5:8.52)的等氮等脂饲料,进行了8周养殖实验,每组设4个重复,每个重复45尾虾。结果显示,饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾的存活率(SR)无显著影响;日本沼虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随饲料脂肪酸比值的增加先升后降,D3组最高且显著高于D1组。饲料n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值对虾体粗脂肪(CF)和粗蛋白(CP)影响显著,D4组虾体粗脂肪显著高于其他各组;D3组虾体粗蛋白显著高于D2、D4和D5组。虾体肌肉脂肪酸比值受饲料脂肪酸比值的影响,肌肉中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值与饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值存在显著的正相关关系。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在D5组达到最高且显著高于D1、D2和D3组,但与D4组差异不显著;D3组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D1和D3组。饲料脂肪酸比值对日本沼虾肝胰腺抗氧化基因表达影响显著,D4组Hsp60表达量最高且显著高于D5组,但与D1、D2和D3组差异不显著;D2组Hsp70和Toll表达量最高且显著高于其他各组;D5组Myd88表达量最高且显著高于其他各组。综上所述,饲料中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值为1.02～2.20,可以显著提高日本沼虾的生长性能和非特异性免疫力。