玉米浆及配合其他有机物料对苏打碱土改良效果及腐殖质特性变化

为研究玉米浆(CSL)及其与不同有机物料混合对苏打盐碱土的改良效果及腐殖质特性变化,本文以松原市苏打盐碱土为研究对象,设置对照组(CK)、1/2倍用量玉米浆(1/2CSL)、1倍量玉米浆(CSL)、2倍量玉米浆(2CSL)、1/2倍用量玉米浆与秸秆混合(1/2CSL+C)、1/2倍用量玉米浆与生物质炭混合(1/2CSL+B)和1/2倍用量玉米浆与泥炭混合(1/2CSL+P)7个处理,研究了其对苏打盐碱土的改良效果及腐殖质组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的变化。每个处理3次重复。结果表明:与CK相比,除2CSL,各玉米产量均增加,增长比率为66.67%～193.65%,各处理pH、全盐量的降低比率分别为9.80%～11.09%、12.2%～44.3%,碱化度降低12.67～26.53个百分点。1/2CSL处理的有机碳含量增加了46.19%,HA和胡敏素(HM)分别增加了48.59%和47.32%,I2920/I1720增加了156.3%,H/C增加了25.96%,(O+S)/C降低了30.68%,放热量高温值/中温值降低了48.6%,质量损失量高温值/中温值降低了14.2%。说明有机物料的施入使土壤HA结构的脂族性增强,氧化度、缩合度和热稳定性降低,结构趋于年轻化,其中1/2CSL处理效果最好。     

印度Leh地区沙棘籽油中脂肪酸测定

本文分析了印度Leh地区沙棘籽油中脂肪酸各成分的含量,结果显示沙棘种子含油量为17.61%,籽油富含油酸(23.012%)和亚油酸(30.162%).     

磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环中的应用

磷是土壤生态系统中的重要组成元素,开展土壤磷循环研究对提高磷肥利用效率和降低磷的生态环境风险具有重要意义。磷酸盐氧同位素技术已经被证明是一种示踪环境中磷生物地球化学行为的有效方法。本文系统综述了磷酸盐氧同位素技术的研究进展和未来发展方向。详细介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素的技术原理、样品处理和测定方法;阐述了无机磷和有机磷的氧同位素特征及时空分布特征;从评估土壤磷微生物利用状况和示踪土壤磷循环两个方面探讨了磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环研究中的应用前景,分析了磷来源、环境条件、生物活动和样品前处理过程对土壤磷酸盐氧同位素特征的影响,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。以期为磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤学和环境科学领域的发展和应用提供新的视角和科学指导。     

腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性

为研究腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性及品质,该研究探讨了不同极板间距（160、165 mm）、不同初始湿基含水率（10%、15%、20%）下腐殖酸肥料的升温速率和加热均匀性,在此基础上进行射频真空干燥试验,并以热风干燥试验为对照,采用Weibull函数拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性曲线,对比射频真空干燥与热风干燥对腐殖酸肥料颜色、总氮、总磷、总钾及有机质的影响。结果表明：真空度为0.085 MPa,极板间距为160 mm、初始湿基含水率为15%时,干燥速率和升温速率较快,加热均匀性较好;升温曲线在53 ℃出现拐点,53 ℃前升温较快,53 ℃后升温较慢;除含水率为20%的物料外,极板间距对加热均匀性影响不显著（P > 0.05）,但初始湿基含水率对其有显著影响（P<0.05）;射频真空干燥所需时间较热风干燥缩短约208 min,射频真空干燥可显著提高干燥速率（P<0.05）;Weibull函数能较好的拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥过程,尺度参数和形状参数随极板间距的减小而减小,随初始湿基含水率的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;水分有效扩散系数,随极板间距的减小而增大,随初始湿基含水率的增加,呈先增大后减小的趋势;极板间距与初始湿基含水率总体上对腐殖酸肥料的色泽高度L*、红绿值a*、蓝黄值b*、总氮、总磷、总钾、有机质无显著影响（P>0.05）;65 ℃热风干燥后样品的色差值显著高于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）,总氮和有机质含量显著低于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）。在设置的试验条件下,腐殖酸肥料的较佳干燥参数为真空度0.085 MPa、极板间距160 mm、初始湿基含水率15%。研究结果可为腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥应用提供参考。     

河套盐碱地不同利用方式土壤盐碱化特征差异分析

为研究河套平原盐碱地在不同利用方式对土壤盐碱化特征分布的影响,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对5种土地利用方式下(林地、农用地、牧草地、改良地、盐荒地)不同深度土壤剖面形态特征、可溶盐含量、盐分离子组成、总碱度、pH、碱化度等指标的变化规律进行了系统研究。结果表明:不同利用方式土壤剖面土体结构、颜色、根系分布、石灰性反应及碱化层分布均有明显差异;土壤剖面的可溶性盐、阴阳离子分布因土地利用方式不同而存在差异,牧草地和林地土壤剖面可溶性盐呈"橄榄"型、盐荒地和改良地呈"表聚"型、农用地呈"底聚"型;土壤pH、碱化度和总碱度在剖面中的分布特征基本一致,呈"S"型;经不同利用方式土壤的盐化程度和碱化程度均有所下降,与盐荒地相比,农用地盐碱化指标下降的最为显著(P0.05),其中0—20 cm土壤全盐量降至0.88 g/kg,pH降至7.83,总碱度、ESP降至0.17 cmol/kg和12.54%,表明苏打盐碱地经农用后更有利于土壤脱盐化过程和脱碱化过程;土壤全盐量、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、总碱度、pH可作为控制区域盐碱化的主要因子。研究结果为阐明河套平原盐碱地的盐碱化过程及盐碱化土壤利用模式提供技术参考。     

土壤微生物膜对风沙土固沙保水特性的影响

土壤微生物膜胞外聚合物具有较强的黏结性,为增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性提供了新途径。鉴于此,该研究采用室内控制试验设置6个微生物菌剂施用水平(0、1、3、5、7和10 g/kg),以期阐明土壤微生物膜对风沙土特性的影响。研究结果表明:1)施用微生物菌剂可产生土壤微生物膜,并胶结风沙土颗粒。2)试验结束时(第49 d),与对照组相比,不同菌剂施用处理的土壤容重降低0.54%～8.88%,孔隙度提高0.39%～3.91%,含水率显著提高0.11%～0.25%(P0.05),大团聚体质量分数增加5.59%～25.01%,土壤pH值由7.16显著增加至8.32～9.23(P0.05)。3)土壤多糖含量对土壤特性的解释率为47%,是影响土壤特性的关键因素。土壤微生物膜能够有效改善风沙土特性,增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性,但较高的微生物菌剂施用量会增加土壤pH值,造成土壤盐碱化,建议微生物菌剂施用水平为1～5 g/kg。研究成果有利于深入理解微生物膜固沙保水机制,并可为沙化土地防治新技术研发提供重要理论依据和科技支撑。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

南阳烤烟矿质元素及化学成分次适宜因子与土壤生态因子的典型相关分析

为了解南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子及其与土壤生态因子的关系,选取代表南阳不同生态类型的13个样点的土壤样品和烟叶样品,以及2个津巴布韦、14个巴西的优质烟样,测定烟样矿质元素及化学成分与土壤生态因子.对优质烟与南阳烤烟间矿质元素及主要化学成分指标的比较表明,南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子为磷、钾、钙、钠、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉.对次适宜因子与土壤生态因子进行典型相关分析的结果表明,在一定范围内,随着土壤锌含量提高,烟叶还原糖呈显著增加趋势而烟碱呈显著减少趋势:土壤氨化菌数减少、硝化菌数增加,烟叶烟碱显著增加而总糖、淀粉、磷含量显著减少;随土壤放线菌数减少、解钾菌数增加,烟叶还原糖含量增加;随土壤铜含量提高,烟叶钙、钠含量减少;随土壤硝化菌数减少、真菌数增加,烟叶钙含量呈增加趋势而钠含量呈减少趋势.改良土壤特别是改良土壤微生物性状可望改善烟叶质量.     

The future of tropical species in secondary forests: A quantitative review

Deforestation and degradation of tropical old-growth forests has the potential to cause catastrophic species extinctions. In this review, we assess whether regenerating secondary forests (SF) can support species typically found in old-growth forest (OG) and so prevent extinctions. We review 65 studies that compare faunal diversity in SF and corresponding OG, and compare the similarity of species composition both within and between these two forest types using the Sorensen, Morisita-Horn and Sorensen-Chao indices. Comparisons between traditional similarity indices and Sorensen-Chao, which minimizes sampling biases, indicated that limited sampling effort consistently reduced apparent similarity between SF and OG and that similarity between SF and OG is actually higher than previously appreciated. Similarity, which ranges from 0 to 1, varied from 0.49 to 0.92 between replicate OG sites and was correlated with similarity between SF and OG. This correlation might be an artefact of variation among studies in sampling effort, especially for vertebrates where small samples reduce apparent similarity across all comparisons, as well as a real effect of variation among studies in landscape heterogeneity and the presence of species with patchy distributions. Therefore, similarity between SF and OG cannot be interpreted without an understanding of background variation in OG. Similarity between different SF sites provided no evidence that disturbance specialists dominate SF. Similarity to OG increased rapidly with SF age; when SF was contiguous with OG; when SF was growing in small clearings; and after low intensity land uses including clearing only, shifting agriculture and tree plantations. This describes the most frequently observed tropical SF; isolated from roads and on hilly terrain unsuitable for mechanized agriculture. Thus, our analyses indicate that tropical SF can play an important role in biodiversity conservation particularly when OG forests are nearby. An important caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic range and levels of habitat specialization are often related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists might dominate similarity analyses even when relatively rare OG specialists are present. Additional species-level analyses of habitat specialization will be needed before the conservation value of tropical SF is fully understood.     

不同形态氮肥对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响

通过室内模拟培养实验,研究了尿素、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响.结果表明:(1)随着培养时间延长,不同形态氮肥处理土壤含盐量总体呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势.施肥处理的土壤含盐量较对照(CK)明显增加,但不同氮肥处理与未施氮肥处理(N0)间的土壤含盐量在整个培养期间内总体差异不显著.且氮肥用量对含盐量的影响也不显著.(2)设施土壤中尿素和碳酸氢铵处理的电导率与含盐量呈极显著正相关,硝酸钙处理电导率与含盐量呈显著正相关.且随培养时间的延长呈波浪状变化.其电导率显著高于相同氮用量时的其他两种氮肥处理;电导率与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关.(3)不同形态氮肥处理的土壤盐分离子组成相近,均以阴离子为主.设施土壤阴离子占盐分总量的76.29%～93.81%,露地土壤为75.16%～96.63%,以SO_4~(2-)含量最高,分别占67.37%和67.28%,NO_3~-含量次之;土壤中阳离子含量较少,以Ca~(2+)为主,K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加.(4)土壤电导率受阳离子的影响较大.阴离子的影响较小.设施土壤的电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+.NO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关,与Cl~-1呈显著正相关.露地土壤电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量呈极显著正相关,与HCO_3~-呈显著负相关.