生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场黑麦草生长的影响

[目的]研究生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场土壤改良效果的影响,为进一步提高露天矿排土场的土壤质量提供科学参考。[方法]通过盆栽试验,研究不同生物腐植酸含量(0~400kg/hm2)对露天矿排土场不同土地利用类型〔(刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林、榆树(Ulmus pumila)林、荆条(Vitex negundo)林、农田、未复垦土地〕下黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)生长状况的影响。[结果]刺槐土、榆树土、荆条土、农田土、未复垦土出苗率最大值分别出现在加入生物腐植酸量为200,200,300,300,200kg/hm2的试验盆;5种土壤黑麦草幼苗株高所需生物腐植酸最大量值分别为200,200,200,300,300kg/hm2;5种土壤黑麦草根系长度最大值分别出现在300,100,300,300,300kg/hm2的试验盆;而生物量最大值分别出现在加入生物腐植酸量为200,100,200,300,300kg/hm2的试验盆。随着生物腐植酸量的增加,各土地利用类型条件下种植的黑麦草出苗率、株高、根系长度、生物量均表现出先增加后减小的趋势。[结论]生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场不同土壤植物更新与生长具有剂量效应,表现为"单峰型"变化规律,体现出适量的生物腐植酸对露天矿排土场植被恢复具有促进作用。     

不同施肥处理土壤胡敏酸及其级分 与 Fe2+的络合特征 Ⅰ.胡敏酸原样与 Fe2+的络合特征

采用 17年不同施肥处理 (无肥、化肥、秸秆、厩肥 )土耕层土样 ,在对土壤胡敏酸性质研究的基础上 ,着重研究不同施肥处理土壤胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合特征 ,揭示络合作用与胡敏酸性质以及环境条件的关系。结果表明 ,不同施肥处理土壤胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力不同。和无肥处理相比 ,化肥处理胡敏酸的络合能力加强 ,logk值 (络合稳定常数 )增大 ,有机肥处理则使胡敏酸的络合能力下降 ,logk值减小。logk值大小与胡敏酸的羧基、酚羟基以及总酸度有关。pH值、温度、离子强度是影响络合稳定常数大小的环境因素 ,pH值由 4到 7,各处理胡敏酸的logk值增大 ,络合配位数也有增加趋势。温度升高 ,离子强度增大 ,logk值降低。胡敏酸与Fe2+络合反应是一个自发的放热反应 ,络合后整个体系的有序性增强 ,熵值减小。     

Quantitative aspects of solid-state C-NMR spectra of humic substances from soils of volcanic systems

Cross-Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS ¹³C-NMR) represents one of the most powerful tools to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) mainly because of its inherent capacity to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of carbon distribution. A critical parameter during acquisition of CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra is the contact time required to obtain the cross-polarisation between proton and carbon nuclei. The procedure to evaluate the best contact time for the acquisition of a quantitative CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectrum is to perform Variable Contact Time (VCT) experiments. In this work the structural features of a number of purified humic substances from Italian and Costarican volcanic soils were investigated by CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy after having performed preliminary VCT experiments. The VCT experiments showed that the average contact times vary according to the origin and chemical structure of the humic material. The optimal contact times (OCT) for nine humic samples were between 250 and 800 μs These values were different from the time of 1000 μs that is commonly applied as the best average contact time for humic materials. Moreover, by comparing the NMR data to those obtained by elemental analysis (C/H ratio), it appeared that the efficiency of the cross-polarisation between protons and carbons, and hence the contact time, is affected not only by the number of protons, but also by their distribution over the molecules. The evaluation of errors in quantitative estimation of the different carbons revealed that the use of OCT generally reduced by half the loss of signals occurring when the average contact time of 1000 μs is used in CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra of humic substances.     

The Effect of Humic Substances and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of the Potato

ABSTRACT

The use of applied phosphorus (P) and the uptake of nutrients from the soil by plants can be improved when the fertilizer is combined with the application of humic substances (HS). However, these beneficial effects are inconsistent and can depend on the type of soil. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the application of HS (0, 1.25, and 7.50 mL pot^–1), as Humic HF®, and fertilizer-P (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg P dm^–3), as triple superphosphate, on root morphological characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, and tuber yield of potatoes grown in sandy and clayey soils. Only under low P supply in the sandy soil did the supply of HS, at the rate of 1.25 mL pot^–1, increase the plant growth, yield of tubers, and uptake of macronutrients by the plants, without affecting the efficiency of the P fertilization. In the clayey soil, which had a higher organic matter content, the application of HS did not affect plant growth, tuber yield or nutrient uptake. In both soils, P fertilization increased plant growth, tuber yield, and nutrient uptake. The combined application of HS and P increased the root length of potatoes in sandy soil.     

腐殖酸桉树有机专用肥对邓恩桉抗寒促生的效应

为了科学经营耐寒桉树Eucalyptus短周期工业原料林,解决桉树速生和林地退化及冻害的矛盾,于2004年在福建省建瓯市徐墩镇建立了邓恩桉Eucalyptus dunnii速生丰产林基地,开展了腐殖酸桉树系列有机专用肥对邓恩桉抗寒促生的试验研究。结果表明,施用各有机专用肥的林分受冻率、冻害等级和冻害指数比常规化肥处理分别下降了23.9%~43.5%,25.0%~50.5%和32.4%~49.7%;林分树高、胸径、冠幅和材积等生长量指标比常规化肥处理分别提高了6.3%~26.6%,14.7%~37.2%,6.5%~18.8%和42.9%~136.7%。其中以基肥为腐殖酸桉树专用肥500 g.株-1 复合微生物菌剂10 g.株-1和追肥为腐殖酸桉树专用肥2号500 g.株-1处理的抗寒促生效果为最好,是适合福建省北部地区的较佳施肥模式。表5参11     

腐殖酸载体微肥效应评价研究

棕、黄腐酸占总腐酸量20%以上时,可增产11.72～29.41%。以腐殖酸为载体的优化组合为:小麦加锌、钼,玉米加锌、硼,油菜加硼、钼,水稻加锌、硼可增产5.87～9.56%。腐微肥作叶面肥时,须兼具营养和生长调节功能。其增产机制主要表现在减少颖花退化,增加结实率和千粒重。     

腐殖酸载体微肥组合研究

采用2次通用旋转组合设计,通过单因素、组合因素、边际等效应解析,筛选出小麦、水稻、玉米对腐殖酸和硼(B)、钼(Mo)、锌(Zn)微肥的组合效应分别为:B·Mo>2B>2B·Mo/Zn,Zn·2B/腐殖酸>2B>Zn·B,2Zn>Zn·B>2Zn·B/腐殖酸.     

有机无机复合肥在不同发酵时期腐殖质及其组成的动态变化

研究了在有机肥堆制过程中加入一定量的化肥后腐殖酸总量、游离腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸养分形态发生的转化.结果表明,由于微生物的作用,有机质含量快速下降,变温条件下下降的速率快于恒温条件;腐殖酸总量无明显增加,游离腐殖酸和胡敏酸表现出明显的增加趋势,变温条件下增加的速率快于恒温条件;富里酸呈现明显的下降趋势,胡富比增大.     

土壤腐殖质氮结构的X-光电能谱研究

X－ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues.It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method.70%-86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide,and 6%-13% was presented as ammes,with the remaining part as heterocyclic N.There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones.For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoquinone-(NH4)2SO4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the ^15N CPMAS NMR data.