不同肥料不同作物对铅污染土壤修复及酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用随机组合设计,研究施用菌肥和腐殖酸对铅污染土壤上玉米、高粱、蓖麻、向日葵对铅的吸收效果及其生长成熟后对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在铅污染土壤上施用菌肥、腐殖酸,有效降低了重金属铅的毒害;能有效提高土壤中酶的含量,其中,过氧化氢酶含量提高11.9%⁵5.0%,磷酸酶含量提高1.2%55.0%,磷酸酶含量提高1.2%²6.0%,脲酶含量提高43.1%26.0%,脲酶含量提高43.1%⁸0.7%,蔗糖酶含量提高17.7%80.7%,蔗糖酶含量提高17.7%³6.7%;铅吸收量以重金属Pb与菌肥混合施用(Pb+J)处理玉米最为显著,达到214.67 mg/kg。说明施用菌肥和腐殖酸可以达到修复铅污染土壤的目的。     

不同改良材料对铜的吸附-解吸特性研究

用一次平衡实验法进行腐植酸、草炭、绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和上海灰潮土对Cu2+吸附解吸特性的研究。结果表明:在相同pH条件下,所有材料对Cu2+的吸附量随平衡液中Cu2+浓度的增加而增大,其等温吸附曲线均能较好地用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行拟合。Cu2+初始浓度较小时,绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和草炭对Cu2+的吸附量不受pH的影响;Cu2+初始浓度较大时,供试材料对Cu2+吸附量具有随pH值增加而增加的趋势,但随着pH的增加,供试材料对Cu2+的解吸率呈逐渐降低的趋势。腐植酸和灰潮土对Cu2+的吸附量随pH的增加有逐渐增大的现象,其解吸率则随pH增加先增大后减小。各供试材料中,绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和草炭对重金属铜的吸持固定能力最强,环境调节控制能力最佳,对Cu2+的吸附容量大小顺序为绿化植物废弃物>活化绿化植物废弃物>草炭>腐植酸>灰潮土。绿化植物废弃物可以替代草炭用于城市土壤铜污染修复。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Tropical Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Northeastern Brazil

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential ecosystem component whose dynamics are affected by soil management practices. To evaluate the impact of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a sandy soil, samples were collected from the Amway Nutrilite Brazil farm and from the Central Pivot Horticultural Farmers Association farm, both situated in the Chapada da Ibiapaba region, Ceará State, Brazil. The first area has a large‐scale Caribbean Cherry fruit production system under organic management, whereas the second represented a conventional soil cultivation condition, characterized by the use of chisel plow and disc plow, mineral fertilization, and herbicides application. Plots with and without green manure fertilization were compared in the organically cultivated systems by using soil samples collected in the rows and between the rows. Areas under native forest were also sampled to determine the steady‐state condition. Total organic C and N contents in the soil (SOC, TN) and in the humic substances were determined at the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 50‐cm soil layers. In addition, oxidizible organic C fractions were measured to calculate the carbon management index (CMI). In general, total SOC levels were low, ranging from 2.5 to 12.6 g kg^?1 in the whole soil profile among the organic systems. In the upper soil layer, SOC and TN stocks were greater in the rows in response to organic fertilization. The conventional system presented lower variation on the SOC contents throughout soil layers when compared to the native forest area, indicating the direct effect of plowing on the downward SOC distribution. The CMI data confirmed the reestablishment of SOM levels in the rows of the organic managed systems in relation to the reference area, whereas the reduction of the CMI in the conventional system suggests a decline in the soil quality and greater potential for increased C losses to the atmosphere.     

Effects of Exogenous Humic Acids on Forms of Organic Phosphorus in Three Contrasting Types of Soil

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to examine the effects of exogenous humic acids on the forms of organic phosphorus (P) in three contrasting soil types: red soil, brown soil, and drab soil. Results indicated that the Olsen P concentration increased in all the three types of soil with addition of the humic acid extracts, with the magnitude of increment ranked in a sequence of brown soil > drab soil > red soil. For the soil organic P fractions, addition of the humic acid extracts increased the labile organic P and moderately labile organic P concentrations while reducing the moderately resistant organic P and highly resistant organic P concentrations, suggesting that the exogenous humic acids could enhance transformation of organic P from resistant forms to labile forms. The activation of organic P by addition of the humic acid extracts varied with soil type, and this variation was related to soil characteristics.     

Integrative Soil Application of Humic Acid and Sulfur Improves Saline Calcareous Soil Properties and Barley Plant Performance

ABSTRACT

During the 2017 and 2018 seasons, two field experiments were conducted on newly reclaimed saline calcareous soil (7.13 dS m^?1, 16.9% CaCO₃) in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Demo, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The current work aimed at identifying the potential positive effects of applied humic acid (HA) and elemental sulfur (S) on some soil properties and barley plant performance. The results showed that the application of HA and/or S at different rates ameliorated the adverse effects of saline calcareous soil conditions and significantly reduced some chemical properties of the soil (e.g., pH, ECe, and CaCO₃%), while soil organic matter (OM%) and some nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) contents were significantly increased. In addition, the contents of nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in barley plant and yielded grain, grain content of N and protein (%), and the performance (e.g., plant height, spike length, grain and straw yields, and weight of 1000-grain) of barley plant were significantly increased with the application of HA and/or S. The best results were obtained through the integrative application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 to the tested saline calcareous soil. Therefore, the integrative soil application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended for the cultivation and sustainability of crop production in saline calcareous soil, in addition to rationalize the use of mineral fertilizers, which represent a surplus point for the sustainable agriculture system.     

超声波活化风化煤腐植酸对小白菜吸收Pb、Cd和土壤酶活性影响

采用土培盆栽试验研究不同超声波活化风化煤腐植酸添加量0,10,20,40,60g/kg(以风化煤计)对小白菜吸收重金属铅、镉和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:在加风化煤量40g/kg条件下,有效降低了土壤中铅、镉的可移动性,使小白菜中铅、镉含量明显降低;在加风化煤量20～40g/kg条件下,明显降低了土壤中铅、镉的生物毒性,提高了土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶)活性。故施适量的超声波活化风化煤(20～40g/kg)可有效减轻土壤中重金属铅、镉单一污染对小白菜的毒害,从而为铅、镉单一污染的小白菜区域增施腐植酸肥提供理论依据。     

豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析

为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量：其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.     

腐殖酸与水稻抗冷性的研究初探

低温胁迫下，腐殖酸可提高水稻脯氨酸含量，多酚氧化酶比活力，脱落酸含量，并减少了水稻的质膜诱性及丙二醛含量。试验证明，腐殖酸确实可以提高水稻的抗冷性     

生物质垃圾转化为生态肥料的水热技术试验研究

在2L的高压反应釜中，利用水热技术，对甘蔗渣、树叶和菜皮3种生物质垃圾的转化产物和机理进行了研究。结果表明，在反应温度为140℃～260℃、反应时间为1～4h、催化剂为Na2CO3的条件下，生物质转化得到的产物中含有大量的腐植酸物质。此外，研究了温度、时间和催化剂等条件对产物中腐植酸物质的含量的影响，并对产物中的含氧基团进行了测定。通过比较发现，在温度为160℃、时间为1．5h的条件下，固态产物中的腐植酸含量能达到45％左右。这类腐植酸物质可以作为生态肥料，具有良好的肥效和经济价值。