广州市荔湾区土地利用结构信息熵分析研究

借助陈彦光等学者提出的城市土地利用结构的信息熵函数和信息熵值规律,分析广州市荔湾区土地利用结构的熵值特征,并据此进行荔湾区土地利用结构的调整。规划的荔湾区土地利用结构的信息熵H=0.707,相比北京、上海、广州等城市的信息熵要小,主要原因是荔湾区属于商贸旅游特色城区,而不是综合性城区。     

Environmental values and forest patch conservation in a rural Costa Rican community

Although conservation attention has generally focused on large forest tracts, there is increasing evidence that smaller forest patches are important for both conservation and rural development. A study of forest patch conservation in a rural Costa Rican community found that, although forest patch conservation was influenced by landholding size, material factors did not account for all the variation in forest patches conservation behavior or conservation orientations of farmers. A qualitative interpretive approach, using semi-structured interviews, found that environmental values were influenced by at least three factors. First, colonist farmers with direct experience with environmental degradation in other regions of Costa Rica were more likely to be concerned about environmental degradation. Second, childhood exposure to conservation played an important role in influencing conservation orientations. Third, the environment was frequently discussed in relation to the moral and social values present in religious doctrines. The study also found general support for forest conservation laws, and a clear indication that interest in forest conservation has grown in recent years. The study highlights the importance of environmental values, in conjunction with material factors, in influencing forest conservation in rural communities.     

土壤养分状况系统研究法在土壤诊断施肥中的应用

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法,在天津地区选取了５０ 个土壤样点,测定土壤中１１ 种大、中、微量元素含量,结合土壤对营养的吸附研究和盆栽试验,判断土壤中存在的和潜在的养分限制因子,初步阐明了天津主要土壤的肥力状况和增产潜力。应用 Ｃａｔｅ 和 Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ 的方法估计出８ 种元素（钙、镁、硼、钼除外）测定值在盆栽条件下的临界值。     

Relationship Between Spectral Data from an Aerial Image and Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus Levels

Early ventures into site-specific management involved fertilizer management decisions based on soil chemical properties characterized by some form of grid sampling. This is both labor and capital intensive and practitioners quickly began investigating other methods to get a measure of spatial variability. Aerial photographs, which were mainly used to evaluate and assess crop status, allow for the collection of whole-field data at relatively low cost. Our objective is to determine what relationships exist between aerial spectral data and intensive grid soil test results and whether this information can be used to improve future soil sampling strategies. Soil-test organic matter (OM) and Bray-1 P concentrations were measured on soil samples taken using an alternating 12.2- by 24.4-m grid in late March 1994 from a quarter section under center pivot irrigation. Spectral data were collected in the spring of 1996 prior to planting using a multispectral network of digital cameras. Correlations of brightness values from the blue, green, and NIR bands with both OM and Bray-1 P were significant, but relatively low. Normality tests revealed that brightness values for the spectral data sets were generally evenly distributed while those of the soil test OM and Bray-1 P were positively skewed. Many of the very high soil-test data values were due to past management. When those values were removed from the database, greater correlations between spectral data and soil test data were obtained. These results substantiated that aerial imagery can be used to improve sampling strategies, but it must be used in conjunction with existing knowledge and past management histories.     

Appraisal and standardization of curvilinear velocity (VCL) cut‐off values for CASA analysis of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) sperm

One of the basic steps in objective analysis of sperm motility is the subdivision of a motile sperm population into slow, medium and rapid categories based on their velocity. However, for CASA analysis of quail sperm, the velocity values for categorization of slow, medium and rapid sperm have not yet been standardized. To identify the cut‐off values of “velocity curvilinear” (VCL) for quail sperm categorization, we captured and analysed 22,300 tracks of quail sperm using SCA^®‐CASA. The median and mean VCL values were 85 and 97 μm/s. To define the VCL cut‐off values, we used two methods. In the first, we identified the upper (rapid sperm) and lower (slow sperm) cut‐off values using: (i) median VCL ± 25% or ± 50% or ± 75% of median VCL value; (ii) first and third quartile values of VCL data (i.e. 25% cut‐off setting); and (iii) 33% and 66% of VCL data. Among these settings, sperm categories and their corresponding motility characteristics recorded using the “25%” setting (i.e. slow ≤36 ≤ medium ≤154 ≤ rapid) were found the most realistic and coherent with male ranking by fertility. In the second method, we calculated heteroscedasticity in the total VCL data using PCA and the two‐step clustering method. With this approach, the mean of the high and low clusters was 165 and 51 μm/s, respectively. Together, the mean from two methods suggested that, for SCA^®‐CASA categorization of quail sperm, sperm should be classed as “rapid” at VCL ≥160 μm/s and “slow” at VCL ≤45 μm/s.     

单胞藻饵料强化对太平洋纺锤水蚤营养成分的影响

采用生化手段对舟山附近海域中浮游桡足类夏季优势种—太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)进行营养成分测定,比较分析两种单胞藻饵料小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)对其营养价值的影响。结果表明,太平洋纺锤水蚤在投喂三角褐指藻和投喂小球藻后,其体内粗蛋白湿重含量分别为(6.51±0.46)%和(5.21±0.98)%,比对照组(2.44±0.63)%显著上升(P0.05);投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤粗脂肪湿重含量(0.25±0.03)%显著上升(P0.05),投喂小球藻后粗脂肪湿重含量(0.15±0.03)%显著下降(P0.05);但总糖和灰分湿重含量变化不明显(P0.05)。本研究检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤体内共含17种氨基酸,其中鱼类必需氨基酸(EAA)9种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)8种,对照组与投喂两种饵料后太平洋纺锤水蚤中EAA含量均较高,干重含量为(47.56±0.04)%~(49.84±0.07)%;检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤共含21种脂肪酸,投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤的DHA和EPA干重含量之和最高(28.00%),其次为投喂小球藻(21.51%),均高于对照组(9.77%),而对照组干重(9.77%)也仍高于强化后轮虫DHA和EPA干重含量(0.8%)和强化后卤虫DHA和EPA干重含量(8.40%)。通过本实验发现,自然状态下的太平洋纺锤水蚤DHA和EPA含量较高,营养价值高,而投喂后三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤营养价值明显增加,表明人工培养条件下太平洋纺锤水蚤具有作为水产经济动物活体开口饵料的潜在开发价值。     

基于生态价值的玉田县适生植物资源实地调查与评价

为探索玉田县适生植物资源,进行实地调查,立足于植物资源的生态价值,运用生态服务价值评价与当量因子法研究不同区域的适生植物。结果表明,玉田县北部褐土丘陵地带应多种植榆树、黄栌、油松等植物;中部平原草甸地带应种植紫穗槐、栾树与侧柏等,植物与园林观赏植物交叉种植;南部脱沼泽化潮土区域应多种植油松、栾树、臭椿等植物,补充种植牡荆等观赏植物。     

基于遥感的生态服务价值测算与土地利用动态变化

生态服务价值是反映一个区域生态环境状况的优劣和整体生态效益大小的重要概念与指标。根据研究区土地利用特点和生态系统类型特征,选取适合研究区的植被净初级生产力、植被覆盖度等生态参数,利用Landsat TM遥感影像、地面观测、气象数据、统计资料等数据,建立了基于遥感定量测算的生态服务价值评估指标与评估模型,对研究区单项和单位面积生态服务价值进行了定量计算。结果表明:研究区在2000-2010年10年间,随着不同土地利用类型之间的相互转换,研究区生态服务价值总量呈逐渐减少的趋势。其中,耕地生态服务价值减少了11.92%,湿地减少了11.75%,总价值减少了5.74%,虽然林地、水域和滩涂的生态服务价值有一定程度的增加,但是未能改变研究区总体生态服务价值不断减少的趋势。在此基础上分析了研究区生态服务价值时空变化规律,揭示了其土地利用与生态服务价值变化之间的内在关系。     

Genome‐wide association analysis of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) resistance in a North American Atlantic salmon population

Our objective was to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with resistance to the salmon louse in the Saint John River aquacultural population of North American Atlantic salmon using estimated breeding values (EBVs) and 6K genotypes from the parent‐generation and lice count phenotypes from the challenged, but ungenotyped, offspring‐generation. In 2011 and 2012, we challenged recent smolts with approximately 100 copepodids each. Fish were euthanized once the lice reached the chalimus stages and lice count, sex, tank and salt water weight were recorded. We used a multiple trait model to estimate breeding values for the parent‐generation using their own fresh water weights and the salt water weights and lice counts of the offspring‐generation. Salmon lice count heritability for untransformed and transformed data was 0.17 and 0.29 respectively. Two different genome‐wide association study methods were compared: (i) forward multiple linear regression and (ii) a mixed linear model using principal components to correct for population stratification as implemented in the egscore function of GenABEL. The two methods detected different SNPs located on different chromosomes. The multiple regression method incorporated 70 SNPs found on chromosomes 2, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, 1p/23, 24. Many SNPs entered into the forward multiple regression are likely to be false positives from not correcting for the observed population stratification and cryptic relatedness. In contrast, the mixed linear model identified only two SNPs, one on chromosome 1p/23 (6.9%) and one on chromosome 1q (6.1%) consistent with louse‐resistance being a quantitative trait.     

不同滴灌春小麦品种的氮素吸收规律和氮营养指数

为探究滴灌春小麦氮素吸收规律和不同生育时期氮营养状况的基因型差异,以新春6号和新春35号为供试材料,设置0、75、150、225、300、375kg·hm-26个施氮水平,分析滴灌条件下不同春小麦品种在生育期内的氮素吸收曲线、临界值曲线及氮营养指数。结果表明,两个春小麦品种氮素吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,新春6号的氮素快速积累期早于新春35号。植株吸氮量的临界值与出苗后天数均呈极显著的二次函数关系(新春6号:y=-0.174 6x2+22.528x+414.02,R2=0.998**;新春35号:y=-0.169 9x2+20.832x+357.13,R2=0.993**)。依据氮营养指数计算,两个春小麦品种的适宜施氮量均在225~300kg·hm-2范围,且应适当降低出苗后25d之前和提高出苗后35d的施氮量。