Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l⁻¹ in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P<0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P<0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and β-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d⁻¹, the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r² was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PAEs such as DBP.     

人工湿地外加碳源碳溶出及反硝化效果研究

为了解人工湿地中固体外加碳源的碳溶出规律及添加量对反硝化效果的影响,本研究选择竹子、木块和木本泥炭作为外加C源材料,在厌氧下测定3种材料的碳溶出量,同时应用于人工湿地中试试验,为人工湿地外加碳源的应用提供依据。结果表明:单位质量的试验材料C的溶出量是竹子木块木本泥炭,竹子、木块和木本泥炭的C溶出量均值分别达577、266和59mg/(kg·d);材料C溶出量随时间变化的回归曲线拟合度较高,溶出稳定。人工湿地中试试验中,添加62kg木块为外加碳源时的湿地系统对总氮和铵氮的去除率明显高于添加31kg木块的湿地系统。溶出试验中木块作为人工湿地反硝化脱氮的外加碳源材料促进了人工湿地对氮的去除。     

Comparison of remote sensing indices for monitoring of desert cienegas

This research considers the applicability of different vegetation indices at 30 m resolution for mapping and monitoring desert wetland (cienega) health and spatial extent through time at Cienega Creek in southeastern Arizona, USA. Multiple stressors including the risk of decadal-scale drought, the effects of current and predicted global warming, and continued anthropogenic pressures threaten aquatic habitats in the southwest and cienegas are recognized as important sites for conservation and restoration efforts. However, cienegas present a challenge to satellite-imagery based analysis due to their small size and mixed surface cover of open water, exposed soils, and vegetation. We created time series of five well-known vegetation indices using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images retrieved during the April–June dry season, from 1984 to 2011 to map landscape-level distribution of wetlands and monitor the temporal dynamics of individual sites. Indices included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII). One topographic index, the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), was analyzed to examine the utility of topography in mapping distribution of cienegas. Our results indicate that the NDII, calculated using Landsat TM band 5, outperforms the other indices at differentiating cienegas from riparian and upland sites, and was the best means to analyze change. As such, it offers a critical baseline for future studies that seek to extend the analysis of cienegas to other regions and time scales, and has broader applicability to the remote sensing of wetland features in arid landscapes.     

放牧管理对西藏高寒沼泽植物群落结构和土壤碳氮的影响

对西藏当雄县3种不同放牧管理模式(冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧)下的高寒沼泽的植物群落结构和土壤碳氮进行了调查。调查发现,3种放牧管理模式下的高寒沼泽植物群落总盖度差异不显著,而优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度差异显著;放牧管理对沼泽群落结构和物种多样性影响较大,随着放牧强度的增加,物种丰富度增加;放牧利用显著降低了高寒沼泽湿地群落优势物种藏嵩草的高度和盖度,其优势度也显著降低,使得高寒沼泽逐渐退化。冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧沼泽地上生物量和地下生物量依次降低。同时,随着放牧强度的增加,高寒沼泽表层土壤有机碳氮的含量也显著降低,且高寒沼泽表层土壤碳氮与地上和地下生物量显著正相关。通过对比分析,冬季放牧是当前西藏高寒沼泽较好的放牧管理模式。     

Sediments in the Catchment-coast Continuum (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground   Sediments pose problems at their deposition sites when there is too little sediment (e.g. wetlands) or too much sediment (e.g. navigable waterways) and, additionally, when they are contaminated. These problems often have their origin upstream in the river catchment. Objective   Global aspects of changes concerning sediment quantity and quality, as they affect downstream areas, are reviewed. A case study of estuarine sediments demonstrates how a holistic approach helps in understanding and predicting their present and future quality. Results and Conclusions   Globally, large reservoirs intercept between 25 and 30% of the sediment and consequently supply the coast with impacts on wetlands and coastal morphology. In estuaries, the composition of sediments is determined by the mixing of marine sediments supplied from the coast and the supply by rivers. Natural tracers can be used to predict mixing ratios of marine to fluvial sediments in estuaries, and hence their contamination. Scenarios on implementation of pollution abatement, the implementation of regulations as well as climate change are needed to predict future sediment quality in downstream areas. The results show, even for a ‘green’ scenario, that sediment quality in the Rhine catchment will pose future problems due to the temporal storage of contaminants in soils and sediments.Recommendations and Outlook   The current methods applied make use of existing models linking sediment transport with point and diffuse sources in the river catchments and scenarios on the development of strength of point and diffuse sources. However, more effort is needed to come to a uniform framework which includes land use changes and links with more advanced scenario methodology for long to medium-term management of sediment quality and quantity in river catchments.     

组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水

该文对组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水进行了为期10个月的试验研究（包括冬季）。湿地床上部铺设了0.5 m的生物质保温层,使在冬季最低气温-15℃的低温下,系统温度仍维持在7℃以上,保证了系统的正常运行。结果表明,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）和浊度的平均去除率分别为93.0%、96.0%、88.4%、87.7%、97.0%和89.6%,出水体积质量平均值分别为36.0、11.8、3.5、0.6、3.8 mg/L和浊度9.1 NTU,满足国家排放二级标准。组合家庭人工湿地系统是一种适合农村分散式家庭污水处理的新途径。     

官厅水库库区水生植物演变格局时空变化特征分析

利用中等分辨率长时间序列的TM遥感影像(1995—2007年),采用面向对象的分类方法,以多尺度分割技术为核心,提取了官厅水库水生植物空间分布信息,在斑块类型和景观级别尺度上,共筛选了8个高度浓缩景观格局信息的定量指标,结合水生植物空间分布的质心变化,分析了水生植物演变格局的时空变化特征。研究表明:(1)1995—2007年,受水域面积的扩张和萎缩的影响,库区水生植物面积及其平均斑块面积呈明显地增加和减少趋势:沉水植物波动幅度比较明显,呈先小幅扩张后急剧萎缩的趋势,2000年之前,随水域的扩张,其面积增加了30.2 km2,相对动态度达116.87%;之后,随着水域面积的持续萎缩,沉水植物面积以每年4.2%呈大幅递减趋势,减少了43.02 km2;挺水植物所占比例较小,其面积呈小幅扩张趋势,增加了4.58 km2。(2)沉水植物和挺水植物随水域面积的波动呈现不同的景观格局演变特征。库区沉水植物的景观优势度高,最高达56.09%,占库区水生植物景观类型的主体;挺水植物的平均斑块面积、聚集度指数均低于同年沉水植物,具有离散度高、破碎度高、连通性低的特点。挺水植物的斑块形状相对复杂,其分维度指数平均比同年沉水植物高0.29。(3)水生植物的质心12 a来发生了不同程度的偏移变化,挺水植物质心整体向库区东北方向移动了1.88 km,偏移方向为东偏北12.78°;沉水植物质心整体向库区西南方向移动了4.66 km,偏移方向为南偏西43.04°。     

长江中游农田湿地资源可持续利用研究

从经济学角度讨论了农田湿地资源退化的经济成因,指出农田湿地资源可持续利用的可行模式,并系统地提出了保障机制。     

鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能评价及其利用保护对策

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区位于中国第一大淡水湖———鄱阳湖西北角,是生物多样性非常丰富的国际重要湿地。保护区总面积22400hm2,栖息的鸟类有310种,数量多达数100000只。论述了鄱阳湖湿地的生物多样性,对其功能进行了综合概述和评价,针对其面临的主要生态问题,提出了相应的合理利用和保护对策。     

塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状的空间异质性

研究塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状,包括土壤粒度组成、土壤水分、盐分、pH和养分的空间异质性结果表明:大范围分布的土壤质地以沙质或粉沙质壤土为主,少数属壤质沙土或粉沙土,不同类型土地或植被条件下土壤粒度组成存在差异;土壤水分的空间分布特征反映了塔里木河中下游湿地的旱化现象;广泛分布的盐土、盐渍化土和碱化土表现出对植物生长发育的明显胁迫作用;土壤有机质、全N和全P总体贫乏,全K含量较高,反映了干旱区湿地土壤的特点。