超声波提取代替水平振荡法测定固废重金属浸出毒性

选择用于制砖的城市生活垃圾为原料,以Cu、Zn、Ni为例建立了一种以超声波提取固废中重金属的前处理方法,并对超声波提取法的试验条件进行选择。结果表明:频率越高超声效果越差,取样量越多效果也越差,即金属离子溶出的越少,几乎检测不到;超声作用时间取决于固废的组成及试验的温度等条件,不同金属离子溶出的时间不同,如Ni的溶出时间少于Cu和Zn的溶出时间;频率16kHz、时间60min、取样量10.00g为最终选择的试验条件。对较少的取样量的代表性进行研究的结果表明,固废颗粒磨得越细混合就越均匀,较少的取样量的代表性就越不受影响。在超声波提取法中,10.00g的取样量的测定结果与100.00g国标振荡法的测定结果相当。该前处理方法具有简便易行,试验所需时间短、效率高、取样量少、准确度高等特点,方法的精度分别是:Cu为5.2%,Zn为3.7%,Ni为4.8%。     

利用有机覆盖物处理的人工湿地外排焦化废水研究

[目的]为进一步降低污染物浓度,提高钢铁企业水资源循环利用率。[方法]采用水平潜流人工湿地处理外排焦化废水,通过监测分析进出水中浊度、化学需氧量(COD),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,探讨冬季人工湿地植物层不添加及添加有机覆盖物对钢铁企业外排焦化废水净化水平的影响。[结果]在低温季节,水力停留时间为5d时,不添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度,COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为68.55%,14.94%,14.20%和71.26%;添加有机覆盖物人工湿地对外排焦化废水浊度、COD,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为72.54%,21.62%,20.50%和71.88%;有机覆盖膜的保温作用使得COD去除率升幅达44.68%,TN去除率升幅达44.45%。[结论]在植物层添加有机覆盖物作为保温材料,可以提高人工湿地在低温条件下的净化效率。     

一种新型下卧式闸门设计计算方法的研究

介绍了一种可以绕安装在闸室底板的转动轴转动,以适应不同水位和流量控制要求的新型闸门。下卧式闸门在挡水门顶溢流运行时,所形成的水流现象非常复杂,闸门受力也相对较复杂,目前没有相应规范来指导计算。采用平面简化结构计算和三维有限元计算相结合,然后通过两种计算结果分析后对闸门结构进行优化。     

卧式储油罐变位与罐容表标定的问题

将储油罐变位分解为横向移位和纵向倾斜,并设横向偏转角度β,纵向倾斜角度α,根据几何关系研究了卧式储油罐的变位识别。横向移位分析包括油平面高于、低于、处于中层面3种情况;将储油罐分为两侧球冠体和中间圆柱体两部分进行纵向倾斜分析,圆柱体部分针对右侧油面是否接触圆柱体侧壁分为5种情况进行讨论,而球冠体部分分别将两侧球冠体分为左上、左下和右上、右下两部分进行讨论,并建立了储油罐储油量与罐位高度对应关系的微积分数学模型。结合实测数据,利用最小二乘法确定了实际情况下的α和β值,给出了相应罐位高度的罐容表标定值,验证分析了模型的正确性和可靠性。     

Biomass of fine and small roots in two Japanese black pine stands of different ages

The biomass and the spatial distribution of fine and small roots were studied in two Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) stands growing on a sandy soil. More biomass of fine and small roots was found in the 17-year-old than in the 40-year-old stand. There were 62 g m⁻² of fine roots and 56 g m⁻² of small roots in the older stand, which represented mean values of 608 g for fine and 552 g for small roots per tree, respectively. In the younger stand, a total of 85 g m⁻² of fine roots and 66 g m⁻² of small roots were determined, representing a mean of 238 g for fine and 186 g for small roots per tree, respectively. Fine and small root biomasses decreased linearly with a soil depth of 0–50 cm in the older stand. In the younger stand, the fine and small roots developed only up to a depth of 30 cm. Horizontal distributions (with regard to distance from a tree) of both root groups were homogeneous. A positive correlation in the amount of biomass of fine and small roots per m² relative to tree size was found. Fine and small root biomasses increased consistently from April to July in both stands. The results also indicated earlier growth activity of the fine roots than small roots at the beginning of the growing season. The seasonal increases in fine and small root biomasses were slightly higher in the younger stand than the older stand.     

银杏脱壳的有限元受力分析

该文提出了银杏的几何模型和破壳受力模型，通过有限元分析方法对银杏在各种施力状态下的应力分布进行分析，找出了最佳的施力方向与施力方式，从而对脱壳设备的研制提供了理论依据。     

Race-specific effects in major genic and polygenic resistance of barley to barley leaf rust in the field: identification and distinction

Summary Six partially resistant spring barley cultivars were exposed to four barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) races in the field and in the greenhouse. The 24 cultivar-race combinations were tested in field plots of 1.5×1.5 m² in two replications over two years. To reduce the interplot exchange of urediospores each plot was surrounded by winter rye.The level of barley leaf rust varied among cultivars, races and years. In both years the variance for cultivar-race interactions was highly significant and originating largely from the cultivar-race combinations Berac-22. Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A. The Berac-22 interaction was towards higher, the other three interactions towards a lower level of barley leaf rust. The reduced rust levels of these three combinations were not due to interactions between the partial resistance of these cultivars and the aggressiveness of the races but to major genes for hypersensitivity not effective to the races 1-2-1 and F, common in Western Europe, but effective against the rare races 22 and A. This was revealed in the greenhouse experiments where all combinations had a susceptible infection type except Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A, which showed low infection types in both the seedling and adult plant stages. The urediosori present in the field plots of these three combinations apparently arose from spores derived from other plots; this interplot interchange suggesting partial resistance.The interaction of Berac with race 22 truly was a small race-specific effect within the polygenic, partial resistance of barley to barley leaf rust like the one reported before between Julia and race 18.     

油松林内横山叠梗天然更新试验

为防止雨水将油松落果和种子冲击至山下腹或沟谷,影响自然撒种更新数量,进行了横山叠梗的留存种子方法试验,结果表明横山叠梗可大量提高油松的更新数量,试验区平均更新量为523.6万株hm^-2,是对照区更新量的5.29倍.油松林内横山叠梗天然更新效果显著.     

反坡水平阶水土保持效益观测

 在昆明市松华坝水源区牧羊河中游坡耕地布设反坡水平阶与对照径流小区,观测2种径流小区的径流量、泥沙量、总氮及总磷输出浓度和输出量。结果表明:与对照相比,反坡水平阶径流量减少34.14%、土壤流失量减少57.17%、总氮和总磷输出量分别减少33.32%和33.82%。坡耕地修反坡水平阶起到了较明显的保水、保土、保肥作用,对控制面源污染物具有重要意义。     

毛白杨杂种外源基因稳定性及其对土壤微生物的影响

转基因植物外源基因的稳定性、对土壤微生物种群数量的影响以及外源基因是否水平转移到土壤微生物中,是评估转基因植物生态安全性的重要组成部分.本研究利用PCR技术,分析了种植于山东省东营市试验林达3年的转AhDREB1基因毛白杨杂种(毛新杨×毛白杨)的外源基因稳定性.表明AhDREB1基因仍然存在于转基因植株中.采用平板稀释法对转基因与非转基因植株的根系土壤微生物进行种群数量分析,计数结果表明转基因植株与非转基因植株间根系土壤3大类微生物(细菌、放线菌和真菌)数量无显著差异.利用AhDREB1基因特异引物对土壤总DNA以及菌株DNA进行PCR扩增,均未检测到外源基因扩增产物.研究结果表明该转基因毛白杨杂种对土壤微生物系统尚无明显的影响.