对“用工荒”几个相关问题的探讨

＂用工荒＂现象出现至今,已逐渐演变成为社会广泛关注的热点问题。综合起来看,＂用工荒＂现象产生是国家区域经济布局调整、城乡二元结构制约、企业用工理念偏差以及农民工自身素质低下等诸多因素共同作用的结果。＂用工荒＂的缓解,有利于收入分配格局明显好转和城乡居民收入差距的缩减、有利于农民工合法权益的维护与新型人际关系的营建、有利于区域经济协调发展与城镇化建设有序推进。为此,应从充分发挥各级政府的引导作用、切实转变企业的发展方式和用工理念、努力提高农民工的自身素质和完善农民工利益表达机制等多个层面入手,以切实消解＂用工荒＂问题。     

Clostridioides difficile on Ohio swine farms (2015): A comparison of swine and human environments and assessment of on‐farm risk factors

Swine are known reservoirs for Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, and transmission from swine to human farm workers is strongly suggested by previous studies. This cross‐sectional study evaluated the potential role of farm environmental surfaces, including those in worker breakrooms and swine housing areas, in the possible transmission of C. difficile from swine to farm workers. Environmental surfaces and piglet faeces at 13 Ohio swine farms were sampled in 2015. Typical culturing techniques were performed to isolate C. difficile from samples, and amplification of toxin genes (tcdA, tcdB and cdtB) and PCR‐ribotyping were used to genetically characterize recovered isolates. In addition, sequencing of toxin regulatory gene, tcdC, was done to identify the length of identified deletions in some isolates. A survey collected farm‐level management risk factor information. Clostridioides difficile was recovered from all farms, with 42% (188/445) of samples testing positive for C. difficile. Samples collected from all on‐farm locations recovered C. difficile, including farrowing rooms (60%, 107/178), breakrooms (50%, 69/138) and nursery rooms (9%, 12/129). Three ribotypes recovered from both swine and human environments (078, 412 and 005) have been previously implicated in human disease. Samples taken from farrowing rooms and breakrooms were found to have greater odds of C. difficile recovery than those taken from nursery rooms (OR = 40.5, OR = 35.6, p < .001 respectively). Farms that weaned ≥23,500 pigs per year had lower odds of C. difficile recovery as compared to farms that weaned fewer pigs (OR = 0.4, p = .01) and weekly or more frequent cleaning of breakroom counters was associated with higher odds of C. difficile recovery (OR = 11.7, p < .001). This study provides important insights into the presence and characterization of C. difficile found in human environments on swine farms and highlights how these areas may be involved in transmission of C. difficile to swine farm workers and throughout the facility.     

The Control of Varroa destructor Using Oxalic Acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season

To establish the sublethal concentrations domain, acute and chronic oral tests were conducted on caged honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L) using imidacloprid and a metabolite, 5-OH-imidacloprid, under laboratory conditions. The latter showed a 48-h oral LD50 value (153 ng per bee) five times higher than that of imidacloprid (30 ng per bee). Chronic feeding tests indicated that the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of imidacloprid and of 5-OH-imidacloprid on mortality of winter bees were 24 and 120 microg kg(-1) respectively. Behavioural effects of imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid were studied using the olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension response at two periods of the year. Winter bees surviving chronic treatment with imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid had reduced learning performances. The LOEC of imidacloprid was lower in summer bees (12 microg kg(-1)) than in winter bees (48 microg kg(-1)), which points to a greater sensitivity of honeybees behaviour in summer bees, compared to winter bees.     

农村社区公益性文化建设中几个问题的阐释

对农村社区公益性文化建设中几个问题进行了阐释,指出推进农村社区公益性文化建设,应重视农村权威人物发挥积极作用,预防其消极作用;应重视农民工对乡村社会的影响力,引导农民工对农村社区建设发挥积极作用;应重视农民闲暇生活,用先进文化占领这一重要阵地。     

讨价还价模型框架下的农民工权益问题分析

利用讨价还价模型对农民工的权益问题进行了分析,研究表明：保障农民工权益的当务之急是提高农民工加入工会的积极性,并采取有效措施充分提升工会的讨价还价能力。     

农民工民间组织发展的制度环境分析

介绍了制度环境的内涵与外延，分析了农民工民间组织发展的制度环境，即：宏观制度环境、微观制度环境及制度执行环境。     

关于长春市农民工培训问题的思考

阐述了加强对农民工培训工作的重要性，分析了长春市目前农民工培训工作中主要存在培训体系分散、培训方式杂乱、师资力量薄弱、培训意识差以及培训工作发展不平衡等问题，针对存在的问题提出了相应的对策。     

新生代农民工职业流动特征分析——基于辽宁省不同城市规模的调查

研究不同城市规模下新生代农民工职业流动情况,并分析新生代农民工个人特征和务工经历与职业流动稳定性之间的联系。结果表明：大部分新生代农民工平均1 a换一次工作;小城市务工的新生代农民工职业流动稳定性低于大城市和中等城市;男性、年龄较大、已婚、进城务工年限较长的新生代农民工职业流动更稳定。     

不同水平维生素A对意大利蜜蜂春繁阶段群势及幼虫抗氧化性的影响

【目的】研究日粮中添加不同水平维生素A对意大利蜜蜂春繁阶段群势和幼虫虫体抗氧化活性的影响。【方法】春繁开始时选用本地意大利蜜蜂25群（群内无花粉贮备）,随机分为5组,分别饲喂添加了不同水平维生素A的试验日粮,维生素A水平分别为0、5 000、10 000、15 000、20 000 IU•kg-1,并测定各组蜂群群势及幼虫抗氧化活性。【结果】春繁阶段饲粮中维生素A添加水平对意大利蜜蜂群势及取食量有显著影响。在试验期末,维生素A水平为10 000 IU•kg-1组群势显著高于对照组和其它试验组（P＜0.05）;饲喂维生素A水平为10 000和15 000 IU•kg-1饲料时5日龄幼虫虫体抗氧化活性（总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、总超氧化物岐化酶（T-SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性）显著高于对照组和其它试验组（P＜0.05）,丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于对照组和其它试验组（P＜0.05）;除维生素A水平为15 000 IU•kg-1组外,10 000 IU•kg-1组工蜂初生重显著高于对照组和其它试验组（P＜0.05）。【结论】意大利蜜蜂春繁阶段适宜的维生素A添加水平（10 000—15 000 IU•kg-1）有利于蜂群群势的增长和抗氧化能力的提高。