Land use choices in a changing world

The primary factors which are likely to mould future non-urban land use patterns in Australia are identified. Over the past three decades the rate of increase in land productivity in Australia has been higher than for any other OECD country. Land degradation does not appear to have seriously threatened agricultural output over the last 45 years. However, there is cause for concern that land degradation, attributable to past activities, may only now be exerting a significant impact on productivity in some regions. Many of the services provided by natural resources have been underpriced; consequently, there has been a bias in agricultural research towards technologies that enhance on-site productivity, but which impose excessive external social costs. Underpricing of native trees from state-owned and managed forests appears to have caused excessive exploitation of these forests and lowered the establishment of softwood and hardwood plantations. Many important land use and land cover issues remain unresolved in Australia's rangelands, including questions relating to the optimum grazing pressures, the role of fires in the suppression of unpalatable shrubs and appropriate management strategies for controlling numbers of large kangaroos and rabbits and protecting the natural habitat of threatened species of native animals. The riparian zone, which acts as a crucial buffer between rivers and their catchments, has been one of the most neglected environments in Australia, possibly because river banks, floodplains and wetlands do not fit neatly into the category of land or water. It is widely accepted that the aboriginal peoples must be involved in seeking to achieve the sustainable use of our natural resources. How to achieve the appropriate participation and involvement of aboriginal peoples is a problem that is yet to be fully resolved. In many respects, renewable natural resource systems in Australia are unique. Knowledge creation and application will be a most important resource for the future management of our agricultural forestry and natural resource systems. The solutions to many of the major renewable resource problems do not depend on technology alone. Institutional changes and incentive structures are required that recognize and take account of the pervasive and complex interrelationships between human reactions and responses in their production and consumption activities and the environment.     

大数据杀熟行为中的消费者权益保护——以司法判例为切入点

平台经济作为依托网络技术发展起来的新型经济形态,受到当前社会的普遍关注。大数据杀熟行为是平台经济发展的典型产物,其通常是利用消费者的消费频率、习惯、地域与能力等进行个性化定价,对消费者的知悉真情权、自主选择权、公平交易权与个人信息保护权均造成侵害。当前在对大数据杀熟行为中消费者权益进行保护时,存在大数据杀熟行为的认定标准模糊、相关部门监管能力不足、消费者维权机制缺乏与算法技术存在一定风险等问题。因此,应从完善相关法律法规、完善相关监管工作、加强对消费者权利救济与加强算法技术层面的治理着手,以实现对消费者权益的保护,维护网络平台经济秩序。     

基于"潜力约束-概率抉择"的确权宅基地整治模拟

精准确定整治对象是有序推进宅基地整治的前提，也是实施全域土地综合整治的关键。该研究利用宅基地确权调查等多源数据，以行政村为单位，采用人均标准测算法、多因素综合评价法、系数修正法得到村级整治潜力，以地块尺度的确权宅基地图斑为基本整治单元，结合上位引导、现状驱动、意愿阻碍综合评价得到各确权地块的整治概率作为整治优先度的抉择标准，以豫东平原毛堌堆镇为研究区，分村、逐地块进行确权宅基地整治模拟的实证研究。结果表明：1）毛堌堆镇确权宅基地的理论整治潜力共计208.32 hm2，现实整治潜力为117.17 hm2，占现状确权宅基地面积的24.24%；2）整治概率小于0.5、0.5～0.6之间、0.6以上的确权宅基地分别占现状面积的54.60%、17.85%、27.55%；3）基于各村潜力约束，确权宅基地整治模拟共计选择4512个确权宅基地作为被整治单元，整治面积达117.79 hm2，其中，整治概率高于0.65的共计85.13 hm2。面向国土空间规划，以确权宅基地图斑为基本单元进行宅基地整治模拟，可以为全域土地综合整治的实施提供具体精确的决策参考。     

国家法与民间规则互动中的土地产权选择——兼论“特别法人”制度进入《民法典》

土地的空间固着特性与人的所有权心理存在着天然的矛盾，土地法因此经常表现出国家法与民间规则的互动。这种互动既是土地的公共职能与经济属性、个人使用与公众利用之间的不同追求所造成的，同时也是土地价值的多重性决定的。将土地产权设为公共所有可以协调土地多重价值与"所有"心理之间的关系、可以限制制度冲突的空间，从而保持制度的稳定，以此平衡土地的多重价值并及时对制度的发展方向做出调整。《民法典》因其稳定性和权威性而对较为成熟的规则作出规定，但"特别法人"作为集体经济组织的主体却是一项新的制度。土地公共所有及其主体归属的理论仍需进一步沉淀。     

地理标志关联性的认知真空与纠纷溯源——以安徽省祁门红茶为例

农业地理标志权是典型的农业知识产权,从地理空间的视角分析知识产权的认知真空,有助于厘清农业地理标志的相互关系,促进我国农业地理标志的国际保护。以安徽省祁门红茶地理标志纠纷为案例,溯源祁门红茶地理标志的自然因素和人文因素,得出祁门红茶地理标志是"大产区"范围,包括祁门县、东至县、石台县、黟县、贵池区等地。建议通过以下途径对地理标志进行保护:政府引导利益相关者对地理标志产生共识,牵头建立地理标志协调机制,做好地理标志全链条保护和品牌管理,积极推进我国农业地理标志国际化发展道路。     

以平等原则推进农村矿业用地制度改革

解决矿业用地供给与需求之间的矛盾，关键是用地需求侧的改革。当前，矿业用地需求端有以"国家战略"为由确立"矿权优位"的趋势，矿产开发以"强制""连带"以及"优先"等方式获取集体土地，地权人有接受强制缔约的义务。"矿权优位"理论违反物权平等原则，不契合市场配置土地的改革目标。应以权利平等原则矫正"矿权优位"主义，让矿产权人与土地权人进行平等谈判、交易。矿业用地制度应坚持以"用"地为中心，以"用地"需求决定"获地"方式，而不是相反。以产权平等保护为原则，合理构建多元的矿业用地产权制度。