Effects of straw and silicon soil amendments on some foliar and stem-base diseases in pot-grown winter wheat

Four foliar and two stem-base pathogens were inoculated onto wheat plants grown in different substrates in pot experiments. Soils from four different UK locations were each treated in three ways: (i) straw incorporated in the field at 10 t ha⁻¹ several months previously; (ii) silicon fertilization at 100 mg L⁻¹ during the experiment; and (iii) no amendments. A sand and vermiculite mix was used with and without silicon amendment. The silicon treatment increased plant silica concentrations in all experiments, but incorporating straw was not associated with raised plant silica concentrations. Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondita were inoculated by shaking infected plants over the test plants, followed by suitable humid periods. The silicon treatment reduced powdery mildew ( B. graminis ) substantially in sand and vermiculite and in two of the soils, but there were no effects on the slight infection by brown rust ( P. recondita ). Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola were inoculated as conidial suspensions. Leaf spot caused by P. nodorum was reduced in silicon-amended sand and vermiculite; soil was not tested. Symptoms of septoria leaf blotch caused by M. graminicola were reduced by silicon amendment in a severely infected sand and vermiculite experiment but not in soil or a slightly infected sand and vermiculite experiment. Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot) and Fusarium culmorum (brown foot rot) were inoculated as agar plugs on the stem base. Severity of O. yallundae was reduced by silicon amendment of two of the soils but not sand and vermiculite; brown foot rot symptoms caused by F. culmorum were unaffected by silicon amendment. The straw treatment reduced severity of powdery mildew but did not detectably affect the other pathogens. Both straw and silicon treatments appeared to increase plant resistance to all diseases only under high disease pressure.     

A mutation confers Monochoria vaginalis resistance to sulfonylureas that target acetolactate synthase

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the target enzyme for four distinct families of compounds: sulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. We cloned and sequenced the fragments encoding ALS genes from biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis susceptible (S) and resistant (R) to SU-herbicides. The nucleotide sequences of the 39 bp Domain A region for R M. vaginalis biotype differed from that of the S biotype by a single nucleotide substitution at variable Pro codon of Domain A (CCT to TCT), predicting a Pro in the S but a Ser in the R biotype. No nucleotide differences between S and R M. vaginalis were observed in Domain D. We suggest that the amino acid substitution at Domain A region is responsible for resistance to SU-herbicides in M. vaginalis collected from Ushiku City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.     

红三叶遗传图谱构建及抗白粉病基因QTL定位

本研究以感(岷山红三叶)、抗(澳大利亚红三叶品种♀Sensation×Renegade♂杂交新品系“甘农PR1”)白粉病红三叶材料为父母本杂交并种植成苗经人工接菌后筛选出抗、感白粉病的F₁群体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记构建红三叶高密度遗传图谱,并利用区间作图法对抗白粉病QTL进行了定位分析,可以为红三叶抗白粉病基因克隆和转基因等分子辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明,149个AFLP标记构建得到的遗传图谱包含7个连锁群(LG1,LG2,LG3,LG4,LG5,LG6和LG7),遗传图谱的总距离为640.5 cM。其中,LG1连锁群的遗传距离(140.6 cM)和标记间平均距离(9.4 cM)均最大;LG4连锁群的遗传距离(55.2 cM)和标记间平均距离(1.8 cM)最小。应用区间作图法对红三叶抗白粉病基因进行QTL分析定位,共检测到5个抗白粉病相关QTL位点(qrp-1,qrp-2,qrp-3,qrp-4和qrp-5),其中qrp-1、qrp-2、qrp-3和qrp-4位于LG4连锁群上,qrp-5位于LG5连锁群上。5个QTL位点对抗白粉病的贡献率为29%~90%,qrp-1对红三叶白粉病抗性的贡献率最大(90%),为主效QTL。     

宁夏地区烟粉虱对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法分别测定了宁夏8个地区烟粉虱成虫田间种群对4类5种杀虫剂的抗性.结果 表明,供试烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯已产生了中等至极高水平抗性,抗性倍数为33.31～227.98倍;对烯啶虫胺产生了中等至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为12.14～69.33倍;对毒死蜱和吡虫啉产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为7.63～38....     

乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的流行与耐药情况,本研究采集了5个牧场300份奶牛乳房炎奶样,进行沙门氏菌的分离、培养,利用荧光PCR方法鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出12株沙门氏菌,分离率4%;耐药性分析表明分离的沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、四环素、多西环素、链霉素耐药率超过50%,对氨曲南、诺氟沙星、多粘菌素B、头孢他啶敏感性大于70%。此外4株沙门氏菌分离株具有多重耐药性。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了依据。     

臭椿、新疆杨混交林对光肩星天牛选择寄主行为的影响

利用3年生臭椿、新疆杨在室内建立混交林进行光肩星天牛成虫放飞试验.结果表明:臭椿、新疆杨混交林对天牛成虫的寄主选择有显著影响,天牛成虫的交尾行为只在新疆杨植株上进行;天牛成虫在林内植株上着落的总虫次随新疆杨株数的减少而下降,交尾次数也减少;臭椿、新疆杨植株数量在林分中所占比例在一定范围时,天牛成虫在新疆杨和臭椿上着落的虫次比均趋于稳定;新疆杨与臭椿以行状3:2和2:3混交时林分的抗虫效果较好.     

新疆昌吉32个紫花苜蓿品种的田间抗病性评价北大核心CSCD

为筛选出适宜当地条件的高产抗病品种,连续2年2次调查了2018年建植于新疆昌吉市呼图壁县的32个紫花苜蓿品种上各种病害的发病率和病情指数,并测定了各品种次年的越冬率和5次刈割期的草产量,评价了不同品种的抗病性,采用灰色关联度法分析了各品种的综合特性。结果表明,试验地发生了苜蓿茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病、白粉病、黄斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病和尾孢叶斑病5种病害,且以前3种为主,前3种病害的发病率最高分别达到了97.08%、100.00%及57.14%。供试品种仅有茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病的病情指数存在显著差异(P<0.05),表现为旱地与WL343HQ的病情指数显著高于皇冠、WL168HQ与阿迪娜等品种,而其他病害品种间未表现出差异(P>0.05)。根据抗性级别的频率分布,对于苜蓿茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病,53.13%的苜蓿品种为高抗品种,25.00%的苜蓿品种为抗性品种,12.50%的苜蓿品种为中抗品种,3.13%的苜蓿品种为低抗品种,6.25%的苜蓿品种为感病品种;对于苜蓿白粉病,32个品种的抗性分布频率为抗性品种占3.13%,中抗品种占25.00%,低抗品种占15.63%,感病品种占56.25%,无高抗品种;供试品种对苜蓿黄斑病抗性分布频率为高抗品种29个,占90.63%,抗性品种占9.38%,无中抗、低抗及感病品种。32个品种的5次草产量总和为22.48~29.52 t·hm^(-2),其中,5茬总产量最高的苜蓿品种为龙威3010,总产量最低的苜蓿品种为陇东苜蓿。供试的所有品种未出现明显冻害,越冬良好,越冬率均在80%以上,其中有22个品种大于90%。综合特性较好的5个品种为皇冠、WL363HQ、中苜3号、敖汉苜蓿和旱地(综合得分0.850~0.942),较差的品种为耐盐之星、WL343HQ、冲击波、雷霆与陇东苜蓿(综合得分0.650~0.721)。     

纳米纤维素水凝胶的制备与表征及其对猪肉的保鲜作用

水凝胶因具有低毒性、高生物相容性和可降解性而常用于食品保鲜,但其机械性能和抗疲劳性有待提高。为了探究大豆种皮纳米纤维素对水凝胶机械性能和抗疲劳性的影响,并提高水凝胶的综合机械性能。因此,本研究通过-20 ℃低温循环冷冻-解冻法制备具有可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠/纳米纤维素水凝胶,探究水凝胶对猪肉货架期的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、热重仪和质构仪测定了水凝胶的理化性质和机械性能。研究结果表明,水凝胶内部单体之间以氢键和酯键交联,内部呈现多孔结构,断裂伸长率为230%、压缩强度为70 kPa、拉伸强度为17 kPa,经过多次循环拉伸仍具有良好的机械性能和较高的抗疲劳性。猪肉保鲜试验表明,水凝胶维持了猪肉色泽的稳定性,防止内部水分流失,并且将猪肉的保质期延长至10 d。因此,该水凝胶可用于食品包装以延长冷藏肉制品的保质期。同时,本研究为构建一种可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的多功能水凝胶提供了一种新的视角。     

三江源区四种栽培禾草抗寒性研究

通过对质膜相对透性、渗透调节物质、内源保护酶系等生理生化指标的测定,对三江源区引种栽培的4种禾草:青海草地早熟禾,青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的抗寒性进行了研究。通过综合指标判定,4种牧草的抗寒能力为青海草地早熟禾最强,然后依次是青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅,无芒雀麦的最弱。     

帆张网帆布面积对网具作业性能的影响

帆布面积增加在促进网口扩张的同时,也使网具整体阻力增加.为了明晰帆布面积对网具整体作业性能的影响,以网口面积与网具阻力的比值(K)作为帆张网网具性能比较参数,通过模型实验分析帆布面积对网具作业性能的影响,结果显示,流速为0.24 m/s时,K值随帆布面积增加而递增,但增速逐渐趋缓,帆布面积趋于0.288 m2时,K呈现...