1978—2018年中国农村环境管理政策演进特征——基于206份政策文本的量化分析

基于手工搜集的1978—2018年中国政府颁布的206份农村环境管理政策文本,从政策发布年度、政策发布主体、政策发布形式、政策作用对象、政策工具及政策效力6个维度构建分析框架,运用政策文献计量和内容分析方法分析了中国农村环境管理政策的演进特征。结果表明:1978年改革开放以来,中国农村环境管理政策在数量上呈整体持续上升态势;农村环境管理政策经历了探索起步(1978—1989年)、初步形成(1990—2004年)、快速发展(2005—2013年)和全面推进(2014年以后)4个阶段的演进;政策发布主体的行政级别较高且呈现多元化特征,政策联合决策程度高,但政策之间统筹性和协调性较低;政策绝大多数以通知、意见等形式发出,缺乏权威性和规范性;政策的着力点主要在原生态保护层面,对农村人居环境整治的重视程度不够;命令控制型政策是政府最为偏好的农村环境管理政策工具,经济激励型、信息公开型和自愿参与型政策工具使用不足;政策整体效力的提升主要由政策发布数量驱动,政策反馈不足、政策措施较少和政策目标量化程度低是导致政策平均效力较低的主要原因。     

新乡贤队伍建设与乡村振兴:来自绍兴的调查与研究

作为"乡贤研究会"首创之地和"新乡贤"概念诞生之地,绍兴市自然也是新乡贤队伍建设的先行之地,已经成为全国乡贤文化之乡和新乡贤队伍建设的标杆。绍兴市的新乡贤队伍建设,肇始于2001年上虞乡贤研究会的成立,在2015年的乡贤政策年臻于高峰。经过多年培育和发展,定位为"村民自治的有益补充"、起"补位和辅助作用"的近2万新乡贤队伍,在乡村经济、文化、公益、自治等方面发挥着积极作用,但与此同时也显现了新乡贤队伍建设流于形式、结构相对失衡,以及党政介入过度、党政机构与新乡贤组织职责和权力边界不清晰等问题。解剖这一领先全国的典型个案,对于其他地区的新乡贤队伍建设和现代乡村振兴,无疑具有较好的理论意义和现实价值。     

Land degradation,stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe

Communal rangeland management policies in Botswana and Zimbabwe are based on incorrect technical assumptions about the stability of semiarid rangeland, the nature of rangeland degradation, and the benefits of destocking. Consequently, inappropriate policies, stressing the need to destock and stabilise the rangelands, are pursued. Acknowledgement of the great instability but intrinsic resilience of rangeland would encourage the Governments to more favourably regard the opportunistic stocking strategies of the agro-pastoralists of the Communal Areas. However, degradation of rangelands is occurring, although at varying rates. This justifies the promotion of a ‘tracking strategy’, in which livestock densities are encouraged to follow, more closely that at present, variations in rainfall. The establishment of grazing territories controlled by specific ‘communities’ may be a prerequisite for the promotion of the tracking strategy, and for communal rangeland management and improvement. However, the establishment of such territories must take into account social equity, institutional problems and transaction costs, as well as spatial and temporal variation in rangeland resources.     

BUILDING CLIMATE-RESILIENT FOOD SYSTEMS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: VULNERABILITIES,RESPONSES AND FINANCING

Food system resilience to climate change is uniquely imperative for bringing Sustainable Development Goals within reach and leaving no one behind. Food systems in East and Southeast Asia are interacting with planetary boundaries and are adversely affected by extreme weather-related events. A practical question for East and Southeast Asian stakeholders is how to foster climateresilient food systems in the face of lingering food system vulnerabilities and policy gaps. This paper reviews food syste...     

我国种子产业：成就、问题和发展思路

国内种子产业发展迅速并在提高农作物生产力上产生重要影响,但种子产业在发展的同时也面临一系列挑战和问题。本文分析认为,政府研究单位主导商业化育种、种子企业准入门槛过低、现行品种审定制度、监管体系缺失和知识产权保护不力等是种子产业目前存在问题的根源。要做大做强种子企业,种子产业必须开展系统性的改革;对此本文提出我国种子产业的发展目标设想和政策建议。     

关于完善渔业油价补助政策的探讨

从对国内外渔业油价补助政策的实践来看,该政策对于稳定渔业生产发展有着重要作用。通过会议座谈、重点调查和问卷调查等方法对我国现行渔业油价补助政策进行了调研分析,认为我国渔业油价补助方法不够科学合理,不仅与现行渔业政策不协调,还暴露出实际操作比较困难、支撑渔业油价补助发放的配套制度不够健全等问题。结合我国渔业产业实际,建议应调整完善海洋捕捞业和水产养殖业的油价补贴办法、统一细化全国渔业柴油补贴扣减政策、完善渔船管理和渔政执法管理相关制度等,提高渔业油价补助决策的科学性和民主性。     

Reflections on the influence of a synthesis of circle‐hook evidence on the angling community and conservation policy and practice

1. Understanding how different forms of environmental evidence inform the actions of different stakeholders is useful to improve how we share knowledge with knowledge users. Reflections on a literature review that we published in 2004 on circle hooks as a tool for fish conservation in the recreational fishing sector identified a number of ways in which that synthesis was influential.
2. The article has had direct influence on policy and regulations in a number of countries, but there were even more examples of where the article has been used to influence voluntary guidelines. The article also contributed to formally defining circle hooks, which was necessary from a regulatory and enforcement perspective.
3. The recreational fishing community has also embraced the work, with numerous angling articles based on the literature review appearing in the media and with some angler organizations pushing for the adoption of circle hooks. The fishing tackle industry has also responded with evidence that circle hooks are now more widely available in stores with more hook design options to suit diverse recreational fisheries. In addition, the influence of the article has extended beyond the recreational sector to commercial fishery issues that span several taxa. The research agenda from the article helped to direct research for more than a decade and has since been updated.
4. Overall, this review was timely in that it provided various knowledge users with credible information synthesized in a thoughtful manner at a time when there was interest and need in exploring circle hooks as a tool to enhance the conservation of angled fish. Although this was not a systematic review, it still served as a form of evidence synthesis that gave diverse knowledge users information to guide them in their decisions.

     

黑龙江省农机购置补贴工作实施成效及建议

介绍近几年黑龙江省农机购置补贴工作的实施措施和成效,指出购机补贴工作中存在的问题．并对今后的农机购置补贴工作提出几点建议,以促进全省农机结构更加趋向合理化,推动农业机械化水平进一步提高,实现粮食增产、农业增效、农民增收。     

阜新地区农机购置补贴政策实施效果探讨

阜新市通过落实农机购置补贴政策,引导农民购买先进适用机具,推动了农机化事业的发展。介绍阜新地区农机购置补贴政策落实现状,分析农机购置补贴政策对农业生产的作用,找出购机补贴工作中存在的问题,为今后开展好购机补贴工作提出合理建议。     

黑龙江省大豆产业发展的方向与策略

黑龙江省发展优质大豆产业化生产,具备天时、地利、人和的有利条件,建设优质大豆产业化生产基地、发展大豆经济,在发展方向上要抓住“一个为主、三个面向”,在发展策略上要抓住“三张王牌”和“两个一起抓”,在具体措施上要发挥“两个优势”、建设“两个基地”、实现“两个改变”、做到“两个加强”。