银杏外种皮酚酸类物质的抑菌活性

以9种植物病原真菌和10种动物病原细菌为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法和带药培养基涂布法,测定了银杏外种皮中酚酸类物质的抑菌活性。结果表明,酚酸类物质对9种植物病原真菌均有抑制活性,对柿角斑病菌、稻瘟病菌、梨锈病菌、玉米炭疽病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌、甘蔗凤梨病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、梨褐斑病菌和香蕉炭疽病菌的EC50在0.665 7~19.558 0 g/L,对香蕉炭疽病菌活性最高,对稻瘟病菌活性最低。银杏外种皮酚酸类物质对10种动物病原细菌也有不同程度的抑制活性,其中对巨大芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性最高,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)均为1.25 g/L。     

共轭亚油酸生理机制的研究进展

共轭亚油酸（CLA）是一类含有亚油酸各种几何与位置异构体的多不饱和脂肪酸,通过瘤胃微生物氢化作用生成,主要从乳制品等反刍动物食品中获得.动物试验发现CLA能够显著影响机体的能量和脂肪代谢,也能够引起机体的脂肪肝和胰岛素抵抗.因此本文综述了CLA对于动物机体的能量消耗、脂肪细胞的分化及肝脏细胞氧化的作用机制.     

蛋用型鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度与蛋黄脂肪酸含量的相关研究

蛋用型鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）浓度与蛋黄中各种脂肪酸相对含量的相关均很小。蛋黄脂肪的多聚不饱和脂肪酸对饱和脂肪酸的比例（Ｐ／Ｓ）较高（０．６１～０．６２），对血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度的正反选择均不会影响鸡蛋的这种优良品质     

腐植酸对灰漠土棉田土壤无机磷形态的影响

石灰性土壤上常规施用磷肥,土壤有效磷固定严重,磷肥利用率较低.试验为新疆典型灰漠土棉田田间试验,通过常规施肥基础上施用不同量腐植酸,研究棉花不同生育期距地表不同深度及距棉株不同距离土壤有效磷及无机磷含量变化、各形态无机磷间动态转化以及施用腐植酸对棉花产量的影响.结果表明:对于典型灰漠土棉田,施用腐植酸能增加耕层土壤速效磷含量,并且随腐植酸用量的增加而增加,腐植酸能起到使土壤稳定持续供应土壤速效磷作用;施用腐植酸增加土壤有效磷含量的贡献依次主要是Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P增加的作用;腐植酸施用量必须达到一定水平才能有明显的激活土壤固定态磷、增加棉花产量的作用.     

Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain

Cereals are important sources of protein for human nutrition but have low quality due to limitations in the amounts of essential amino acids, notably lysine. These deficiencies result from the low levels of these amino acids in the prolamin storage proteins and hence are exacerbated when high levels of nitrogen fertiliser are used to increase yield and total protein content.Genetic and genetic engineering strategies to increase both total protein content and the composition of essential amino acids have been employed. These include the exploitation of mutant high lysine genes and the use of transformation to either express additional proteins which are rich in lysine and/or methionine or to increase the free pools of these amino acids.     

A new sustainable formulated feed based on discards from food industries for rearing the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk)

During a 18‐week experiment in a sea‐based system, Paracentrotus lividus was fed with two formulations of a new sustainable feed whose main ingredients were food farming discards, mostly outermost lettuce leaves, in different percentage. Egg white was added as protein source and binder, and a little amount of commercial fish feed was added as lipid source. At the end of the experiment, a high survival rate (>80%) and an increase in test diameter (22%), total weight (130%), gonad weight (240%) and gonad index expressed as size‐adjusted gonad weight (288%) were recorded. Gonads achieved a good colour and high levels of essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids, hence representing a commercially valuable product. Comparing the two feed formulations, the one with the lower lettuce content (57% vs. 67%) led to the best product quality, in terms of gonad features (gonad index and colour) and content of essential fatty acids. In order to move towards a higher sustainability of the aquaculture sector, this study proposes a low‐cost feed, produced with cheap and sustainable ingredients such as food farming discards.     

Essential amino acids supplementation to practical diets affects growth,feed utilization and glucose metabolism‐related signalling molecules of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six diets were formulated to investigate the success of fish meal (FM) replacement by plant proteins; diet 1 reflected a commercial feed (8% FM), diet 3 contained 4% FM, and diet 5 was devoid of FM. Whereas, diet 2, diet 4, and diet 6 reflected diet 1, diet 3, diet 5, respectively, and supplemented with essential amino acid (EAA). At the end of 8‐week trial, there was no significant difference in survival rate. Significantly higher final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were recorded in the group fed diet 2 compared with the other treatments (except diet 4) (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 2 was significantly lower than those fed diets 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.05). The lowest feed intake and highest protein efficiency rate were found in fish fed diet 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body compositions between treatments. Plasma aspartate transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), while plasma protein and albumin contents were not influenced by the treatments. The relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (PIK3R1) in fish fed diet 3 (4% FM) were significantly down‐regulated compared with those fed diet 6 for TOR and diets 4 and 6 for PIK3R1 (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK3) expressions were fluctuated, with the higher levels in fish fed diets 4 and 6. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant protein mixture supplemented with EAA could be used to substitute FM in practical diet for Megalobrama amblycephala.     

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation of Fish Oil from Tuna By-Product Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)

ABSTRACT

Fish oil was extracted and simultaneously collected into six fractions based on molecular weight and the chain length of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents without splitting of the triglycerides, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimized conditions of 40 MPa, 65°C, and a flow rate 3 mL min^?1. In each type of fractionation, the first fraction (F1) was rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA; 52.57 to 61.26%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 22.17 to 23.22%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; (0.54 to 20.37%); the sixth fraction (F6) was rich in PUFA (48.93%), followed by MUFA (33.59%) and SFA (13.61%). It was obvious that short-chain fatty acids were extracted at an earlier fraction; therefore, the latter fractions were dominant in long-chain fatty acids, especially MUFA and PUFA. Thus, omega-3 fish oil (last three fractions) was successfully separated to be used as a value-added health product.     

Changes in the nutritional parameters of muscles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following environmental exposure to cyanobacterial water bloom

The present study evaluated the effect of naturally developing cyanobacteria on the composition of muscles of two commercially important freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to cyanobacterial biomass including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis ichthyoblabe for 4 weeks. Then, they were transferred to dechlorinated potable water without any cyanobacteria for another 4-week period, thus modelling their preparation for consumers. Samples of muscles were collected every week during exposure and subsequent stay in dechlorinated potable water. The cyanobacterial water bloom of 3.9–6 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ (133–383 μg g⁻¹ of total MC DW) induced statistically significant effects only in the content of fatty acids ( P <0.05; P <0.01) in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), while all studied parameters including the content of dry matter and fat ( P <0.01), proteins ( P <0.05), fatty acid composition ( P <0.05; P <0.01) and some amino acids ( P <0.05) were affected in the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ). This study has shown that cyanobacteria in the environment of commercially produced fish may decrease the dietetic value of fish muscles.     

Evaluation of two soybean meals fed to yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Aquaculture of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has been increasing, yet there have been few nutritional studies and no evaluations of alternative protein sources in diets. Solvent‐extracted, dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and expelled‐extruded soybean meal (exSBM) were fed to yellow perch to evaluate their effectiveness in replacing dietary fish meal (FM) in isonitrogenous practical feed formulations. Both soy ingredients were incorporated in graded amounts from 100 to 730 g kg⁻¹ of the diet. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and survival were significantly affected by type of soy ingredient, concentration and the interaction of the two main effects. Consumption was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 400, 600 and 730 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed diets containing lower concentrations. Weight gain was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 600 g kg⁻¹ and FE significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 500 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed the control diet or lower concentrations of soy ingredients. Most fatty acid concentrations were affected by feeding exSBM compared to fish fed the control diet, but long chain fatty acids remained at relatively high concentrations. Based on feed consumption, weight gain and FE data, yellow perch are able to effectively utilize both soy ingredients in practical diets. A conservative recommendation of 300 g kg⁻¹ diet appears appropriate for growout diets.