南方红壤丘陵水土流失防控与循环农业模式构建及其应用(英文)

[目的]构建南方红壤丘陵水土流失防控与循环农业模式,并分析其应用效果。[方法]分析我国南方红壤山地水土流失的成因和长期治理却收效不显著的原因,提出南方丘陵水土流失区综合防控的基本思路,并在此基础上进一步分析各种模式的关键技术、经济效益、生态服务功能和固碳增汇效果。[结果]南方丘陵水土流失区综合防控的基本思路即:将水土流失防治与现代农业生产相结合,构建"果(茶)-草-畜-沼"水土流失综合防控的循环农业模式;应用效果分析表明,在南方丘陵区建立循环农业模式以防控水土流失效果显著,能同时满足生态、经济和社会效益的协调发展。[结论]该研究建立了一种适合南方红壤山地水土流失治理与农业保护性开发的有效模式,可带动山区生态恢复与乡村农业经济的可持续发展。     

尾叶桉地径与胸径、树高、材积相关性分析

【目的】建立尾叶桉地径与胸径、树高、材积的数学模型,为利用地径测算林木立木材积提供测算方法。【方法】实测148株尾叶桉立木的地径、胸径和树高,运用SPSS软件建立尾叶桉地径与胸径、树高、材积的回归模型,进行选优和适应性检验。【结果】研究区尾叶桉地径—胸径、地径—树高、地径—材积最优模型分别为D1.3=0.857D0-0.539、H=0.966D01.048、V=0.0000481D02.749,尾叶桉地径与胸径、树高、材积均显著相关。地径—胸径模型适应性检验的总相对误差为-1.14%、平均相对误差为1.29%,精度为98.46%;地径—树高模型适应性检验的总相对误差为13.07%、平均相对误差为-14.32%,精度为94.88%;地径—材积模型适应性检验的总相对误差、平均相对误差分别为-3.87%、1.69%,精度为94.70%。【结论】选出尾叶桉地径与胸径、树高、材积的3个最优回归模型,其中地径—树高模型总相对误差和平均相对误差过大,不提倡以尾叶桉地径直接估算树高;地径—胸径、地径—材积模型预测误差均在±5%以内,方程预测精度较高,可以用于估算立木材积。     

城市山地公园森林植物景观优化设计——以浙江省苍南县小方山公园为例

城市山地公园森林植物景观是公园自然景观的重要组成部分.该文以小方山公园植物配置为例,在深入现场调查分析的基础上,提出了景观优化原则,针对不同功能区进行了具体优化设计.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沙棘人工林不同恢复阶段物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沙棘人工林不同恢复阶段物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系进行了研究.结果表明,在沙棘人工林恢复的初、中期阶段,α-多样性指数和土壤肥力(有机质含量和氮含量)的增加正相关较明显,在恢复的中期β-多样性指数变化较强烈,且土壤有机质含量变化较大,表现出在沙棘人工林恢复的同时,土壤有机质含量也会有所增加,二者基本上是同步的.对土壤肥力与沙棘人工林植物组成性状的关系进行多元回归分析后发现,土壤全氮与木本植物种数、植物种数和物种多样性等因素有关;全磷与物种多样性等因素有关;土壤全钾和pH值的变化比较复杂,与植物组成性状的关系不明显.     

不同地被物处理方式对红壤坡地养分状况的影响

选择3种不同水保措施的径流小区,即百喜草(Paspalum natatu)全园覆盖处理、全园敷盖处理和全园裸露处理,分析和测定了不同坡位和深度土层中土壤有机质、全N和全P空间异质性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)有机质含量随着土层增加整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,在自上而下坡面上,有机质含量全园覆盖区无明显变化,全园敷盖区有递增趋势,全园裸露区则先增加后减少;(2)全N含量随着深度加深均呈下降趋势,各处理间无显著性差异。在坡面上,全N含量大小为:全园覆盖区全园敷盖区全园裸露区,且全园敷盖处理在坡面中部有富集作用,全园覆盖和全园裸露处理自上而下呈下降趋势;(3)全P含量随着土层加深,全园覆盖区逐渐减少,全园敷盖区和全园裸露区先增加后减少。在坡面上,全P含量大小为:全园敷盖区全园覆盖区全园裸露区,且在坡面中部有富集作用。该研究可为亚热带地区红壤坡地养分恢复途径提供科学依据。     

广东鹤山南亚热带丘陵人工林昆虫资源的研究（Ⅰ）

本文根据2001年和2002年的调查结果，记述了广东鹤山南亚热带丘陵退化生态系统恢复中四种人工林的昆虫种类，共计14目161科488种，本文记载11目84科216种。     

Effect of diphacinone on blood coagulation in Spermophilus beecheyi as a basis for determining optimal timing of field bait applications

The effect was determined of a single dose of 2 mg kg-1 diphacinone on three blood-clotting parameters [Prothrombin Time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), and Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonists (PIVKA)] over a 120-h period in California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Diphacinone resulted in elevated PT, PTT and PIVKA within 24 h of squirrels receiving the dose. The most significant change was observed 72 h after dosing. As time following diphacinone dosing increased, there was higher individual variation in blood-clotting time. We suggest that increasing the interval between field bait applications should still result in squirrel mortality but reduce the potential for secondary hazards that may occur when squirrels have the opportunity to consume more than one lethal dose of diphacinone.     

The Effects of Agricultural Practices on Carabidae in Temperate Agroecosystems

Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) occur in all temperate agroecosystems, and have been implicated as predators of many pests, including aphids, lepidopterous larvae, and slugs. Most are polyphagous, and some are primarily spermophagous. The species assemblage present in any particular crop is determined by multiple factors, but usually comprises a limited number of abundantly active species, which may be common to many crop types. Abiotic soil factors, especially soil type and moisture status are important in determining the species present. Crop type affects the carabid assemblage indirectly through cultivation practices and microclimatic changes. Any soil cultivation affects the carabid assemblage, but studies comparing ploughing with reduced tillage have shown varying results, according to local conditions. Pesticides, especially insecticides have a localised and short-term effect, as many carabids rapidly re-invade sprayed crops. The long-term effect of pesticide usage at a landscape scale is, however, more difficult to predict, and may have contributed to the observed decline in carabid diversity in the wider countryside. Whilst fertiliser application is generally beneficial to carabids, comparisons of conventional and organic farming systems suggest that localised short-term variations in species abundances are more important than the overall farming system used. Non-crop habitats are very important to Carabidae, as many use adjacent hedges and field margins for shelter, breeding or dispersal. But other features such as roads may act as barriers to dispersal. It is concluded that further measures need to be taken if Carabidae are to realise their potential in integrated pest management systems.     

昆明草坪草混播配方优化组合模式探讨

在昆明独特的气候条件下,通过对运动场草坪、观赏草坪和护坡草坪三类草坪混播配方的调查研究,探讨出了适应云南地区种植的9种优化组合。运动场草坪:草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)+高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)+多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.),草地早熟禾+高羊茅,草地早熟禾+狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)+多年生黑麦草;观赏草坪:草地早熟禾+匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.),草地早熟禾+紫羊茅(Festuca rubra L.),草地早熟禾(优异)+草地早熟禾(蓝月)+草地早熟禾(新哥来得)+草地早熟禾(肯塔基);护坡草坪:高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根,高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶(Trifolium repens L.),高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶+紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)。     

丘陵旱地农—桐生态工程模式的生态效应分析

对“泡桐—玉米—小麦—棉花”组合的鄂中丘陵旱地“农—桐”生态工程模式的生态效益进行分析,结果表明,与传统的“小麦—芝麻”模式相比,该模式对丘陵旱地农田的风速和土壤水分状况均有显著地改善,能够使风速降低27.70%~45.60%、使土壤中的水分含量在严重干旱的季节平均提高2.10%。另外,该模式对年生长季节的利用增加了132%~141%;对年活动积温(≥10℃)的利用率增加了139.80%~148.90%,这为我国广大丘陵干旱区生态环境的改善提供了一种有效的生态工程技术模式。