沱江上游深丘地区不同立地土壤抗蚀性、渗透性及其影响因素

通过对沱江上游深丘地区不同立地土壤抗蚀性、渗透性与其各影响因素进行了研究,分析了土壤物理性状各因素及草本盖度、林分类型、郁闭度单独及综合对土壤抗蚀性、渗透性产生的影响,找出了不同立地条件下影响土壤抗蚀性、渗透性的主导因素,并结合当地情况初步探讨了成因,以期为土壤改良措施的选择提供依据。研究发现:1)该地区人为干扰严重,整体上土壤砂性较重,土壤物理结构较差,不利于保水保肥;2)该区影响土壤抗蚀性和渗透性的主导因素为林分类型和林下植被盖度,其中混交林提高土壤抗蚀性和渗透性,改良土壤的效果最好。     

大小麦附加系的细胞学稳定性观察

对１Ａ，２Ａ，３Ａ，４Ａ，６Ａ及７Ａ等６个大小麦附加系的细胞学稳定性进行了观察。发现经两代繁殖后，其种子根尖细胞染色体有丢失现象。在减数分裂过程中，均观察到单价体、多价体、染色体断片、后期染色体落后、染色体桥及四分体微核等异常现象；经对四分体微核出现频率的统计，表明４Ａ，６Ａ及７Ａ等３个附加系在细胞学上相对较不稳定。     

NaOH预处理对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高青稞秸秆的综合利用率,采用NaOH对青稞秸秆进行预处理,研究不同水平NaOH和预处理时间对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵性能的影响,探讨NaOH在青稞秸秆厌氧发酵中应用的可行性。结果表明,与未经处理的青稞秸秆相比,NaOH预处理可以显著提高青稞秸秆产甲烷性能（P<0.05）,且产气速率快、发酵周期短。其中,5% NaOH处理12 h青稞秸秆的累积甲烷产量高于多数木质纤维素类废弃物,为250.03 mL·g^-1,是优良的发酵原料。NaOH预处理增加了青稞秸秆中纤维素含量（13.37%~39.31%）,并有效降解了木质素（12.89%~64.34%）和半纤维素（0.96%~30.30%）含量。表明NaOH预处理是提高青稞秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷性能的有效方法。     

Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP₆) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP₆ content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P < 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P < 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P < 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.     

Potential longevity (Ki) of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain lots relates to their degree of pre-germination assessed through different industrial quality parameters

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain germination is required to perform the malting process. Maintenance of barley seed viability during storage is crucial for the malt industry; and modern cultivars are bred for rapid grain dormancy release after physiological maturity. Low dormancy level combined with rain close to harvest induces pre-germination/pre-harvest sprouting damage. Pre-germination might not affect viability in the short term after harvest, but it could reduce potential longevity (K_i) of a barley seed lot. K_i value is inherent for each barley lot; however, its determination is time-consuming which precludes its assessment at an industrial scale. In this study we sought quantitative relationships between K_i and the pre-germination degree of barley grain lots, assessed through quality tests routinely performed by malthouses [Falling Number (FN), α-Amylase Activity and Carlsberg]. Field pre-germinated lots from one old barley cultivar (Quilmes Palomar) and artificially pre-germinated lots from major varieties currently grown in Argentina were used. Associations between K_i and values obtained from all quality tests analysed were found for Q. Palomar. However, FN was the parameter that yielded the best and simplest explanation of K_i variability. A significant positive linear K_i -FN relationship was also obtained for each modern barley cultivar.     

青稞Hva1基因的表达模式及表达载体的构建

为了解青稞种子胚胎成熟晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)基因Hva1与青稞抗旱性的关系,以抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞和抗旱性弱的大麻青稞为材料,研究了不同浓度PEG胁迫下Hva1基因在两个青稞品种中的表达模式。结果表明,Hva1基因在抗旱性不同的两个青稞品种中的表达均呈单峰模式,且抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞表达峰值和对应的PEG胁迫浓度均高于抗旱性弱的大麻青稞;PEG胁迫浓度大于13.18%时,旱地紫青稞的Hva1基因表达量高于大麻青稞。可见,Hva1基因的表达在青稞的抗旱中起到重要的作用,为此我们成功构建了青稞Hva1基因的过量表达载体,期望为抗逆性基因在青稞中的应用和抗旱新品种的选育奠定基础。     

谷特菌对青稞生长及土壤生态效应的影响

为了解生物肥对西藏青稞生长的影响,开展了谷特菌不同施用时期(播前、青稞拔节期),不同施用量对青稞产量影响的试验,供试生物肥为谷特菌,供试青稞品种为春青稞藏青320。在青稞收获期采样分析了青稞生物产量和经济产量,同时采集土样分析了土壤蔗糖酶、微生物量N等指标。结果表明:(1)施用谷特菌促进青稞分蘖,增加成穗数,在拔节期施用还能提高青稞灌浆能力,增加青稞穗粒数,提高青稞产量;(2)施用谷特菌对土壤0~10 cm土层蔗糖酶活性影响大,表现为土壤蔗糖酶活性随谷特菌施用量增加而增强,当施用量相同时,拔节期施用谷特菌导致土壤蔗糖酶活性增强,但对土壤微生物量N影响无统一规律。     

肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦产量和品质的影响

为研究肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦品种产量和品质的影响,以啤用大麦品种扬农啤7号和饲食兼用大麦品种扬饲麦3号为材料,分析4种肥料运筹方式对大麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,在中等偏上肥力的土壤上,扬农啤7号优质高产施肥方式为基施尿素150 kg·hm^-2+复合肥375 kg·hm^-2,苗肥施尿素75 kg·hm^-2,拔节肥施尿素75 kg·hm^-2+复合肥225 kg·hm^-2,其产量水平在7 500 kg·hm^-2左右;主要啤酒麦芽品质接近国标二级,可适当减少氮肥用量及提前施用拔节肥改善扬农啤7号籽粒的麦芽品质。无论哪种肥料运筹方式,扬饲麦3号的麦芽品质指标均达不到国家二级麦芽标准,该品种不适宜作为啤酒大麦原料种植,宜作优质高产饲食大麦种植,其较佳肥料运筹方式为基施尿素75 kg·hm^-2+复合肥750 kg·hm^-2,拔节肥施尿素112.5 kg·hm^-2+复合肥375 kg·hm^-2,其产量水平在8 000 kg·hm^-2左右,籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%左右。     

基于RNA-seq技术分析野生大麦穗部发育基因的表达谱及其转录动态

为明确野生大麦穗部发育过程中基因表达的动态变化,以来自以色列的野生大麦Mehula 1-2为材料,对其在穗部发育的4个关键时期（开花后3、8、13和18 d)进行RNA-seq分析,并与栽培大麦穗部的基因表达谱进行了比较。结果表明,在野生大麦穗发育的4个时间点共鉴定到17 163个基因,其中11 273个为差异表达基因,包括635个转录因子相关基因;功能富集分析表明,这些差异基因主要富集到物质合成、代谢过程、物质运输、抗逆等相关过程或通路上;野生大麦和栽培大麦穗部基因的表达谱比较分析发现,两者共同表达的基因显著富集到细胞器、催化、代谢、调节及抗逆等相关通路上,而在特异表达基因方面,栽培大麦主要集中于甲基转移酶、次生壁生物合成、核糖体蛋白等相关基因,野生大麦主要集中于逆境抗性、花青素合成、钙调蛋白等相关基因。本研究发掘的与穗部发育相关的关键基因,丰富了大麦穗部遗传改良基因资源,为进一步解析野生大麦穗部发育关键基因的表达特性和调控机制奠定了基础。     

青稞南繁加代技术及其意义

青稞作为西藏地区人们的主要粮食作物,其育种进程较长.为了加快其进程,在与西藏气候相当的云南元谋进行了6年的南繁加代技术实践,形成一套完备的适合青稞加代繁殖的技术.同时,总结该技术在选地、播种、田间管理和病虫害防治方面的经验,也指出南繁加代技术对促进缩短青稞育种年限和加速繁殖品种的重要意义.