油茶随机扩增多态DNA条件的研究

以改进的CTAB法提取油茶嫩叶总DNA,进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析,分别测试了Mg2+浓度、引物浓度、dNTP浓度、模板DNA浓度和TaqDNA聚合酶用量对反应结果的影响,确定了油茶RAPD分析的最适反应体系:在25μlPCR反应体积中,含20ng模板DNA,2 5mmol·L-1MgCl2,0 2mmol·L-1dNTP,0 3μmol·L-1引物,1UTaqDNA聚合酶。扩增程序为:94℃预变性180s;94℃变性60s,37℃退火90s,72℃延伸120s,反应40个循环;最后在72℃延伸5min。     

应用均匀设计研究电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响

应用均匀设计法探讨了电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响。结果表明 ,电场方向和强度强烈地影响细胞分裂频率。培养成分对细胞分裂频率均有不同程度的影响。均匀设计能筛选最优的植物原生质体培养条件或培养基。结合“回归 -通径”分析 ,有效地综合评判和研究了各培养成分对原生质体分裂频率的作用     

京郊露地菜田施肥状况与土壤有效养分年际变化调研

以北京市1996~2014年郊区露地菜田1184份调研报告和161个土壤样本数据为基础,分析了京郊露地菜田施肥种类、施肥量、养分平衡、土壤有效养分的年际变化。结果表明:与20世纪90年代相比,现阶段露地菜田施用的有机肥由以厩肥、鸭粪和牛粪为主转为以鸡粪为主,化肥投入品种单一,偏施大量元素肥,缺少中微量元素补充;与20世纪90年代相比,尽管现阶段年施肥量明显减少,年养分盈余程度明显减轻,但养分投入量仍与作物吸收规律不符,N、P、K三大元素投入比例不合理,氮磷养分盈余的现象仍存在。经评价现阶段露地菜田土壤碱解氮缺乏,速效磷含量过高,有效钾适宜。     

Pod shatter resistance evaluation in cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus, B. juncea and Sinapis alba

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.     

Screening RAPD primers for molecular taxonomy and cultivar fingerprinting in the genus Actinidia

Summary Eighty ten-base long arbitrary primers were tested for PCR-based DNA amplification of three species of the genus Actinidia (A. deliciosa the kiwifruit, A. chinensis, and A. kolomikta), with the aim of screening species-specific and genotype-specific markers.Of the 80 primers tested, 30 gave an average of 3.5 bands which were monomorphic within one or two species and absent in the remaining one(s), thus resulting in useful markers for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes. None of the primers tested produced bands linked to sex. Twenty primers out of the twenty-five selected from a preliminary screening showed high levels of polymorphism, producing two to eleven patterns each from the 13 kiwifruit cultivars examined.We found the Stoffel fragment and the Taq polymerase were both suitable for RAPD analysis, the most noticeable difference being the smaller size of fragments (0.4–1.2 kb) produced by the former in comparison to the latter (1.0–3.4 kb). We tested also three different annealing temperatures (35, 37, and 39° C) and found the intermediate one best for number of amplified bands and reproducibility of results.Abbreviations 2-BE 2-butoxyethanol - CTAB hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide - MAS Marker-Assisted-Selection - PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction - RAPD Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - RFLPs Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms     

Molecular mapping and characterization of traits controlling fiber quality in cotton

Cotton (Gossypium spp) is the world's leading natural fiber crop. Genetic manipulation continues to play a key role in the improvement of fiber quality properties. By use of DNA-based molecular markers and a polymorphic mapping population derived from an inter specific cross between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G. barbadense), thirteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality properties were identified in 3-79, an extra long staple (ELS) cotton. Four QTLs influenced bundle fiber strength, three influenced fiber length, and six influenced fiber fineness. These QTLs were located on different chromosomes or linkage groups and collectively explained 30% to 60%of the total phenotypic variance for each fiber quality property in the F₂ population. The effects and modes of action for the individual QTLs were characterized with 3-79 alleles in TM-1 genetic background. The results indicated more recessive than dominant, with much less additive effect in the gene mode. Transgressive segregation was observed for fiber fineness that could be beneficial to improvement of this trait. Molecular markers linked to fiber quality QTLs would be most effective in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of these recessive alleles in cotton breeding programs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The frequency of natural cross-fertilisation in sequential sowings of winter barley

Summary Estimations of random mating frequency were computed for a series of sequential autumn sowings of populations of winter barley. The estimations were by means of the maximum likelihood scoring method and three varieties, each carrying a recessive genetic marker, provided three independent estimations for each population. High levels of out-crossing were found in sowings made early in September, and a trend towards absence of out-crossing in populations sown in late November was evident. Although fluctuations in this trend could be accounted for by fluctuations in meteorological factors, a more profound underlying effect was evident in that the three marker varieties behaved similarly, though to different degrees. It is postulated that the principle effect of sowing date, as it affects out-crossing, is upon the development of the flowering apex, and that environmental conditions at flowering time merely modify flowering behaviour.     

Genetic analysis of methionine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different grain developmental stages

Genetics of methionine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied in 35 F₁ hybrids derived from crossing 7 male-sterile indica rice cultivars with 5 restorer japonica rice cultivars. Two genetic models and their corresponding statistical methods for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm in cereal crops were used for the analysis. One is the unconditional model, which refers to the analysis of cumulative measurements along the developmental stages, while another is the conditional model, which relates to analysis throughout the developmental stages. Results showed that methionine content of indica-japonica hybrid rice was controlled by expression of triploid endosperm nuclear genes, cytoplasm genes, diploid maternal plant nuclear genes, and their genotype-environment interaction effects. Dominant effects were important at the first three developmental stages, while additive effects were important at the next two stages of grain development under both unconditional and conditional analyses. With regard to the components of heritability, maternal and cytoplasm general heritabilities and their environmental interaction heritabilities were important. It was suggested that enhancing methionine content could be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants in early breeding generations.     

Sex-linked SSR markers in hemp

Hemp is a dioecious plant with sex chromosomes X and Y, the male sex being heterogametic. The quality of the fibre depends on the sex type. The sex chromosomes can be characterized by molecular markers. In this report, sex‐linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are described. One SSR marker was polymorphic in both the populations derived from single crosses, two other markers in but one of the two populations. Three alleles were detected for two SSR markers indicating polymorphism not only between X and Y, but also between different X chromosomes. In addition, several sex‐linked RAPD markers were detected in one population. Recombination within the sex chromosomes was observed for nearly all markers.     

皖西大别山区生态茶园建设与小流域治理关系探讨

生态茶园建设是皖西大别山茶区小流域综合治理的重要内容 ,小流域综合治理为生态茶园建设提供必要的发展条件。在政府牵头、多部门配合基础上 ,以生态茶园建设为突破口 ,结合水土保持工程、植物和园艺等综合措施 ,可推动小流域综合治理全面健康发展